MUZIUM SAMUDERA FASA I (Flor de La Mar) / MARITIME MUSEUM PHASE I (Flor de La Mar)

DIORAMA PELABUHAN MELAKA

THE MELAKA PORT DIORAMA

Diorama ini menggambarkan kegiatan perdagangan di pelabuhan dalam zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka. Kapal dagang yang sarat dengan muatan dari seluruh pelusuk rantau datang silih berganti mencari kekayaan dan kesejahteraan hidup di Alam Melayu. Bersesuaian dengan gelaran “Venice di Timur”, Melaka menawarkan pelbagai barang dagangan termasuk rempah ratus, sutera dan tembikar yang bermutu tinggi. Pedagang dari Arab, China, India dan Kepulauan Melayu saling tawar-menawar dan menjual barang dagangan mereka serta mendapat laba berlipat kali ganda. Kecemerlangan pentadbiran anak negeri mengendalikan urusan perniagaan berasaskan falsafah Islam dan ketimuran menjadikan Melaka tumpuan segala dagang dan senteri serta menjadi sebutan di Timur dan Barat.

The diorama visualizes the liveliness of the trading activity in the port during the Melaka Malay Sultanate. Ships laden with cargo from all over the world came in turns to seek riches and fortunes. In the Malay World, in line with its popularity as the Venice of the East, Melaka offered a large variety of merchandise including spices, silk and porcelain. Traders from Arab, china, India and the Malay Archipelago bargained and sold their merchandise and obtained large profits. The excellent administration and badling of trading activities according to Islaomic phlisophy and eastern values made this city the centre of attraction to many traders from the East and the West.

PENGENDALIAN PERDAGANGAN DI PELABUHAN MELAKA

THE MANAGEMENT OF TRADE IN MELAKA PORT

Nakhoda kapal asing yang tiba di Melaka melaporkan ketibaan mereka kepada Syahbandar. Melalui Syahbandar, perkenan Sultan diperolehi. Bingkisan hadiah tertentu dipersembahkan. Kebenaran berniaga, kemudahan berlabuh dan peruntukan gudang penyimpanan barang diperolehi. Kapal-kapal besar misalnya dari Coromandel yang muatannya 12 hingga 15 ribu cruzados dikenakan 6% cukai nilai keseluruhan barangan. Sebuah jawatankuasa penaksiran sumatera dibentuk bagi menilai dan menentukan jumlah cukai. Ia bertujuan menjamin kepentingan pihak Melaka dan kebajikan pedagang. Sekumpulan saudagar Melaka merundingi harga barang dengan nakhoda atau wakilnya sebelum dagangan itu diagih dan dipasarkan di pelabuhan, pasar, gerai atau sejumlah warung yang disediakan sambutan yang merentasi Sungai Melaka.

Jangkamasa paling sibuk berurusniaga di Melaka ialah antara Disember dan Mac iaitu masa ketibaan kapal-kapal dari Asia Barat dan Asia Timur. Jong, tongkang, kapal dari Jawa serta Kepulauan Rempah berniaga sekitar bulan Mei hingga September. Angkatan laut dibawah Laksamana dianggotai oleh penduduk tempatan dan orang Laut mengawasi perairan Melaka. Pemerintah Melaka mempunyai kuasa mutlak menggubal dan melaksanakan sistem perdagangan Melaka. Ribuan saudagar Arab, Parsi, Gujerat dan lain-lain berkunjung ke Melaka. Sejumlah 84 bahasa dipertuturkan di sini.

Foreign sea captains arriving in Malacca reported to the Syahbandar (harbour master). Through him, conscent of the Bendahara and the Sultan were procuted. Gifts were presented. The trading rights, docking facilities and warehouse provisions were assigned. A 6% tax advalorem was imposed to the larger ships originating from Coromandel which tonnage reached 12 to 15 thousand cruzados. An ad hoc assessment committee was appointed to determine the value of taxes. It was aimed to safeguard the interest of Malacca and the welfare of the traders. A group of Melaka merchants would bargain for the price of the goods with sea captains or their representative. The goods were subsequently distributed and marketed at the port, bazaar, stall or a number of booths set along the bridge across the Malacca River. The bussiest seasons for trading in Melaka would be between the month of December and March when the ships from West Asia and East Asia arrived. Junks, boats and ships from Java and the Spice Island traded during the months of May to September. The navy under the command of the Laksamana consisting of the natives and the Orang Laut manned the waters. The Melaka ruler had absolute power to promulgate and discharge the trading system. Thousand of Arab Persian, Gujeratis, and others traded here. 84 languages were spoken in Melaka.

SISTEM PERTUKARAN BARANGAN

THE BARTER TRADE

Sistem pertukaran barangan diamalkan sejak zaman berzaman dalam sejarah peradaban manusia. Kaedah pertukaran sejumlah barangan oleh suatu pihak dengan komoditi tertentu yang dipercayai setara nilainya milik pihak yang lain, turut diamalkan di Melaka. Pedagang Melayu dan asing misalnya melakukan pertukaran barangan dengan penduduk asli seperti Jakun, Semang dan Senoi.

Hasil keluaran hutan seperti damar, rotan, cendana, akar kayu dan sebagainya ditukarkan dengan periuk tanah, pinggan mangkuk, garam, tembakau dan lain-lain yang dibawa oleh pedagang tempatan dan luaran. Selain daripada itu di kalangan orang Melayu sendiri, sistem ini turut diamalkan. Pasar merupakan tempat pertemuan dan urusniaga pertukaran barangan dijalankan. Pedagang asing yang berniaga di Melaka turut menjalankan sistem perdagangan ini. Namun demikian, kaedah ini tidak begitu diamalkan lagi berikutan pengenalan sistem matawang di Melaka.

The barter trade has been used since time in memorial. The mode of exchanging certain amounts. The commodities of one party for a certain amount of items believed to be of equal value belonging to another party was also practiced in Melaka.

The Malay and foreign merchants carried out barter trade with the indigenious people such as the Jakun, Semang and Senoi. Forest products such as resin, rattan, sandalwood, medicival roots and the like were exchanged for pottery, utensils, salt, tobacco and others brought by the local and foreign traders. Markets were meeting places where goods charge bands. Foreign merchants who traded in Melaka also practiced barrier trade. However this system became less popular following the introduction of the currency system in Melaka.

KEGEMILANGAN PERDAGANGAN DI MELAKA

THE PROSPERITY OF MALACCA TRADE

Abad ke 15 dan awal abad ke 16 M adalah zaman keemasan perdagangan Melaka. pelabuhan dan kepentingan perdagangannya diketahui di merata tempat termasuk di Eropah. Melaka adalah pasar terapung dengan imej keantarabangsaan dari segi barang dagangan mahupun para pedagang yang terlibat. Sebanyak 84 bahasa dipertuturkan di Melaka. 4 orang Syahbandar dipertanggungjawabkan mewakili kepentingan pedagang asing. Lebih 2000 pengangkutan laut pelbagai jenis dapat berlabuh di Melaka. Pedagang dari Arab, Parsi, India, China, Ryukyu, Filipina dan Siam berdagang di sini.

Pedagang Arab-Parsi antara lain memasarkan wangian, peralatan dari kaca, permaidani, ubat-ubatan dan sebagainya. Dari China, peralatan timbangan, teh, sutera dan tembikar didatangkan. Pelbagai jenis kain tekatan dan candu dibawa oleh pedagang dari India. Dari Burma, berjenis hiasan berharga termasuk permata, batu aked dan lain-lain dipasarkan. Dari Siam, beras, arak dan ikan kering turut dibekalkan. Beras, rempah, cengkih, pala, cendana, emas, kapur barus dan lain-lain adalah hasil keluaran Pulau Jawa, Sumatera, Kepulauan Rempah dan Brunei. Dari Melaka dan Semenanjung, timah, gading, rotan dan sebagainya pula dibekalkan. Purata tahunan perdagangan Melaka mencecah 2 juta cruzados, sementara jumlah cukai yang dihasilkan sekitar 50,000 cruzados. Sistem pertukaran barangan dan penggunaan mata wang dilaksanakan. Undang-Undang Laut Melaka digubal bagi membantu sistem perdagangan dan perkapalan.

The 15 and early 16th centuries were the golden era for trade in Melaka. The harbour and the importance of its trading network were well reputed elsewhere including Europe. Melaka was the floating marked with an international image from its trading merchandise to the merchants involved. 84 languanges were spoken here. 4 Syahbandar were representing the interests of foreign traders were appointed. More than 2000 vessels of all shapes and sizes could be accommodated at the harbour. Arab Persian, Indian, Chinese, Ryukuyan, Filiphines and Siamese merchants traded here. Arab Persian traders sold perfumes, glassware, carpets, medicine and others. From China, items made of copper, tea, silk and porcelain were brought here. The Indian merchants brought various embroidery and opium. From Burma, jewellery including precious stones, jade and others were transacted. The Siamese supplied rice, liquor and dried fish. Rice, spices, clove, nutmeg, sandalwood, gold camphor and others were brought in from Java, Sumatera the spices island and Brunei. From Melaka and Peninsular, ivory, rattan and the link were transacted. The average annual volume of trade reached 2 million cruzados, while 50,000 cruzados were contributed to the Melaka coffer in the form of taxation. Barter trade and currencies were used. The maritime laws of Melaka were promulgated to regulate trade and shipping.

PENGHAPUSAN LANUN

ELIMINATION OF PIRACY

Melanun menjadi-jadi di tempat-tempat strategik merata dunia dan kapal-kapal yang belayar bersendirian selalunya menjadi mangsa. Dalam abad ke 14 dan 15 Asia Tenggara juga mengalami aktiviti melanun ini. Adakalanya kapal-kapal lanun ini mengekori kapal-kapal dagangan dan kemudian menyerangnya di tempat-tempat yang sesuai, dan adakalanya menyerang pekan-pekan di sepanjang pantai. Pada zaman Sri Vijaya dan Majapahit juga terdapat banyak lanun di Asia Tenggara. Lanun Aceh menempatkan diri di Palembang pada awal abad ke-15.

Laut Sulu, Kepulauan Riau-Lingga-Karimun dan kawasan Pulau Sembilan sangat terkenal sebagai kawasan lanun pada suatu ketika. Jika jalan laut tidak memberi jaminan untuk pelayaran yang selamat, dan pihak-pihak yang bermusuh atau lanun mengganggu kapal-kapal dagangan, maka aktiviti perdagangan akan terhalang dan akan membawa kepada kemunduran sesuatu kerajaan. Oleh itu, setiap kuasa dan kerajaan di sekitar kawasan ini memastikan wujudnya keadaan yang selamat supaya saudagar-saudagar dapat berdagang dalam keadaan aman.

Sultan-Sultan Melaka juga mengambil tindakan tegas terhadap lanun-lanun yang mengganggu perjalanan laut ke Melaka. Raja-Raja Melaka mempunyai perkhidmatan Orang Selat untuk memandu kapal-kapal angkatan laut bagi mencari tempat-tempat perlindungan lanun-lanun atau menarik keluar mereka untuk memastikan kapal-kapal saudagar dari luar sampai untuk aktiviti perdagangan dengan selamat.

Sea piracy was an activity that established itself around strategical points all over the world to prey upon ships that happened to sail alone. South East Asia too experienced piratical activities. Sometimes those pirates set about to trail and attack merchant ships at the most vantage points or go on rampaging spree on some coastal small towns. There were many infamous pirates South East Asia even during the Srivijaya and Majapahit area. Even a Chinese pirates stationed himself around Palembang during early 15th century.

The Sulu Seas, Riau, Lingga, Karimun Islands vicinity and Pulau Sembilan areas were quite notorious areas at one time or another. If the sea routes did not guarantee smooth sailing and the sea passages of the merchants ships were hindered by universally elements or pirates, then the trade activities would be affected that would eventually lead to the runous state of the Kingdom. So the empires and the Kingdoms around this area ensured the safety of the passages that the merchants could trade in peace.

The Sultans of Malacca too took stern action against the pirates who disturbes the sea trade routes to Malacca. They had the services of Orang Laut (Straits Fisher Folks) to help navigate the Malacca naval forces in search of the hide out of the pirates or seek out the pirates to ensure the arrival of the foreign merchants and continual commercial activities.

SYAHBANDAR DALAM PERDAGANGAN MELAKA

SYAHBANDAR AND THE MALACCA TRADE

Institusi Syahbandar wujud di alam melayu sejak zaman pra Melaka. Jawatan ini merupakan salah satu dari jawatan terpenting yang termaktub dalam Hukum Kanun Melaka. Syahbandar menggubal peraturan perniagaan di Melaka. Beliau menjadi penghubung di antara pedagang asing dengan pihak berkuasa. Tatkala perdagangan Melaka berada di kemuncaknya, 4 orang Syahbandar dilantik bagi menggantikan perdagangan yang merangkumi pelbagai pelusuk rantau. Jawatan ini disandang oleh pribumi dan kalangan saudagar asing. Keberkesanan institusi ini sehingga terus diamalkan selepas 1511, apabila penjajah asing bertapak di Melaka. Antara lain, Syahbandar berperanan

  • Mengesah dan menguruskan kebenaran berniaga dengan persetujuan Bendahara
  • Mengawasi sistem perkapalan dan organisasinya
  • Menyeragam dan melaksanakan pungutan cukai
  • Menentukan perdagangan dilaksanakan menepati peraturan dan kehendak semasa.
  • Menyelia urusan anak yatim, nakhoda dan pasar perniagaan
  • Mengawasi keselamatan dan peraturan menyimpan barang di gudang dan kediaman yang disediakan
  • Menetapkan piawai timbangan dan sukatan
  • Mengawal nilai dan menyelaras kegiatan pertukaran wang
  • Memelihara kebajikan dan kepentingan para pedagang

    The institution of Syahbandar was established in the Malay world since the pre Melaka era. This official was one of the most important posts promulgated in the Melaka legal codes. The Syahbandar drafted trading regulations in Melaka. He acted as the intermediary action between the foreign merchants and the Melaka authorities. At the height of Melaka’s trade activity, 4 Syahbandar were assigned to regulate commerce comprising various nations. The natives and foreign merchants held this appoinments. The effectiveness of this institution led to its prominent to its continuously even after 1511, when foreign powers ruled Melaka. Among the duties of Syahbandar are:

    • Verifying and granting the permissions and trade with the consent of the Bendahara
    • Controlling the stapping system and its organization
    • Standardizing and implememting tax collection
    • Ensuring that transactions were discharged in accordance with regulations and current needs.
    • Handling the matters of orphants, ship captains and markets
    • Upholding the safety and regulations for storage of goods in the warehouse and lodgings
    • Calibrating weight and scale
    • Controlling the value and supervising currency exchange
    • Ensuring the welfare and interest of merchants

    AKTIVITI PERDAGANGAN DI MELAKA

    TRADING ACTIVITY IN MALACCA

    Apabila kapal-kapal dagang dari China, Asia Tenggara, India dan Tanah Arab bertumpu ke Melaka, aktiviti perdagangan mula berkembang dan kapal-kapal ini menukarkan barangan sebelum kembali ke destinasi masing-masing. Kapal-kapal dagang tersebut menurunkan banyak jenis barangan di Melaka dan ini memerlukan usaha mengenakan cukai, menyimpan dan mengangkut semula. Pada awalnya, kesemua urusan perdagangan dilakukan oleh Raja dan Bendahara. Apabila aktiviti pelabuhan semakin berkembang, pentadbiran kerajaan terpaksa diselaraskan agar aktiviti pelabuhan perdagangan dan pelabuhan berjalan lancar. Dengan itu jawatan Syahbandar yang menjadi raja di sekitar pelabuhan diwujudkan.

    Pelbagai jawatan lain turut diwujudkan untuk menguruskan perdagangan demi kelancaran urusan dan aliran kapal juga barangan

    Malacca was the centre for collection and distribution of spices from Banda and Maluku. And market for various textiles from Gujerat, Coromandel, Malabar, Bengal. Commodities from East Africa, West Africa, China and Ryukuyu especially silk and porcelain were traded. The Melaka Sultanate provided the appropriate facilities such as warehouse and bazaar to facilitate transactions. The position of Syahbandar was created, while the Maritime Laws of Malacca were to formulated safeguards shipping. The preferential tariff system was introduced in Malacca whereby all goods except food that were brought in were subjected to a certain amount of taxes the ruler, dignitaries and native merchants were actively involed in the trading system.

    SERANGAN BUGIS YANG PERTAMA TERHADAP MELAKA

    FIRST BUGIS ATTACK ON MALACCA

    Melaka menghadapi satu lagi serangan apabila Putera Mengkasar, Keraing Semerluki cuba mencari kekayaan. Mengkasar terletak di Pulau Makasar (Sulawesi) tanah bangsa Bugis yang ternama sebagai pelaut handal. Semerluki mengumpulkan 200 kapal yang berlainan jenis dan melancarkan serangan, mula-mula terhadap kawasan pantai di Jawa dan berjaya. Dia meneruskan perjalanannya ke utara hingga Ujung Tanah dan merampas harta di daerah pantai yang menjadi sebahagian Melaka. Sultan Mansur Shah menitahkan Laksamana Hang Tuah untuk menentang mereka. Hang Tuah, dengan angkatan lautnya keluar untuk menentang angkatan Semerluki. Satu pertempuran yang sengit berlaku antara kedua-dua angkatan ini. Pertempuran ini mengakibatkan ramai yang terkorban pada kedua-dua pihak. Apabila Hang Tuah menghampiri kapal Semerluki, Semerluki melontar sauh buji ke dalam kapal Hang Tuah dan cuba menarik kapal Hang Tuah merapati kapalnya. Bagaimanapun Hang Tuah memotong tali sauh buji dan mengelakkan dari satu keadaan yang merbahaya. Setelah kehilangan banyak kapal, Semerluki berundur ke Utara. Hang Tuah tidak mengejar Semerluki, tetapi cuma menunggu andainya angkatan Semerluki datang kembali untuk menyerang. Apabila Semerluki mengalami satu lagi kekalahan di Pasai dan sedang dalam perjalanan pulang ke Mengkasar, Hang Tuah menyerangnya dan mengakibatkan kemusnahan yang besar kepada angkatan laut Semerluki. Selepas itu, Semerluki atau angkatan Bugis tidak pernah mengganggu Melaka lagi selama beberapa abad, dan Kerajaan Melayu Melaka tidak mengalami serangan laut sehinggalah pada tahun 1511.

    Malacca faced another attack when the Prince of Mengkasar, Keraing Semerluki, set out to seek fortune. Mengkasar was located in the island of Makasar (Celebis), the land of Bugis, the sea-fares. Semerluki, gathering his naval forces of 200 ships of various types, directed his attack first against the coastal areas of Jawa and ravaged them. As he proceeded north, he reached Ujung Tanah (southern Peninsular) and plundered the coastal districts which were part of Malacca then. Sultan Mansur Shah ordered his admiral, Hang Tuah, to oppose them and Hang Tuah with his fleet, set out to meet Semerluki’s forces.

    Bombardment of arrows and clashing ships killed many on both sides. When Hang Tuah closed in on the ship commanded by Semerluki hurled a grapre at Hang Tuahs ship and started to wind in Hang Tuah cut away the rope and eluded a potentially dangerous situation.

    Semerluki, of losing many ships, pulled away towards the north. Hang Tuah did not chase the withdrawing Semerluki instead waited for them to return. When Semerluki, after another defeat at Pasai, return on his way to Mengkasar, Hang Tuah pounced upon and inflicted a heavy toll on Semerluki naval forces. Semerluki on his Bugis forces never disturbed Malacca again until a few centuries later and the Malacca Sultanate never faced another naval attack until 1511.

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