MUZIUM SAMUDERA FASA I (Flor de La Mar) / MARITIME MUSEUM PHASE I (Flor de La Mar)
KENYATAAN MELAKA OLEH TOM PIRES
QUOTES ABOUT MALACCA BY TOM PIRES
- “Malaqa” adalah kota yang dibangunkan untuk perdagangan
- Manusia tidak dapat mengganggarkan nilai “Malaqa”
berdasarkan keagungannya dan keuntungan yang diperolehi.
- Sesiapa saja yang menjadi tuan di “Malaqa” adalah mereka
yang memegang leher Venice
- Di pelabuhan “Malaqa” seringkali 84 bahasa dipertuturkan
- “Malaqa” tidak dapat hidup tanpa Cambay, begitu juga
Cambay tidak dapat hidup tanpa “Malaqa”
- Beberapa saudagar kaya Moorish berdagang dari Pase ke
“Malaqa”, Parsees dan juga Bangalees dan Arab
- Penghujung monsun dan permulaan yang lainnya.
- Malaqa is a city that made for merchandise
- Man cannot estimate the worth of Malaqa on amount of a greatness and profit.
- Whoever is lord of Melaka has his hand on the throat of Venice
- Whoever is lord of Melaka has his hand on the throat of Venice
- Malacca cannot live without Cambay not Cambay withour Malacca
- Some rich Moorish merchants moves from Pase to Malaqa and Arabian Moors
- The end of monsoons and the beginning of others.
ALFONSO DE ALBURQUEQUE
ALFONSO DE ALBURQUEQUE
Menggantikan Almeida sebagai Viceroy yang kedua di India dan mengukuhkan kekuatan Portugis di Lautan Arab dengan mengalahkan perhubungan rantaian pelabuhan-pelabuhan Islam di Calant, Cochin, Goa, Harmoz dan Melaka. Beliau mengambil langkah-langkah yang tegas untuk memastikan dominasi Portugis terhadap jalan perdagangan laut di Asia yang menjamin kekayaan untuk negara Portugis. Beliau diakui sebagai wira Portugal.
Alfonso De Albuquerque succeded Almeida as the 2th viceror of India and went on to establish Portuguese supremacy in the Arabian seas by defeating the chain links of Muslim trade ports of Calicut, Goa, Hormaz and Malacca. He took vigorous actions to secure Portuguese domination of the maritime trade routes of Asia thus securing wealth for Portugal. He recognised as one of the heroes of Portugal.
KUNJUNGAN DE SEQUIERA KE MELAKA
DE SEQUEIRA’S MISSION TO MELAKA
Setibanya orang Portugis di India tahun 1498 M, mereka mengetahui dan mengumpul maklumat mengenai kedudukan dan peranan Melaka dalam perdagangan antarabangsa. Mereka menyedari bahawa Melaka menguasai jaringan perdagangan yang luas terhadap barangan mewah khususnya rempah-ratus, sutera dan tembikar. Imej kepentingan dan kekayaan Melaka seterusnya diungkapkan oleh Ludiavo Varthema yang mendakwa pernah mengunjungi Melaka sekitar 1505. Dari Lisbon, Raja Portugal mendesak Almeida, Wizurai Portugis di India beberapa kali untuk menghantar perdagangan ke Melaka.
Menjelang tahun 1509, lebih banyak maklumat terjelma di Eropah. Salah satu daripadanya menyebut di Melaka terdapat banyak emas. Angkatan lima buah kapal Portugis diketuai oleh Lopez De Sequeira tiba di Melaka pada 11 September 1509. Utusan ini dihantar terus dari Portugal melalui India. Ketibaannya mencetuskan kehairanan seperti yang diungkapkan di dalam Sejarah Melayu. Mereka tiba pada saat pihak Portugis di India dan di Asia Barat telah menunjukkan permusuhan yang mendalam terhadap saudagar Islam. Utusan ini menemui kegagalan di Melaka berikutan kecurigaan dan pengaruh saudagar Arab Farsi dan Gujerat. Sejumlah tawanan Portugis termasuk Rai Aroujo ditahan di Melaka. Sentimen permusuhan tercetus antara kedua-dua pihak.
As soon as the Portuguese arrived at India in 1498 AD, They had acknowledged and gathered information on location and the role of Melaka in international trade. They were aware that Melaka controlled a vast trading network of luxurious commodities especially the spices, silk and porcelain. Ludicivo Varthema who claimed to visit the city in 1505 AD also described.
Images of Melaka’s significance and wealth from Lisbon, the Portuguese Monarch repeatedly urged his Viceroy, Almeida in India to dispatch trading mission to Melaka. By 1509 AD more details of Melaka surfaced in Europe. One of these sources quoted Melaka as a place rich with gold. A fleet of fire Portuguese ships led by Lopez De Sequeira arrived in Melaka on September 11 1509 AD. This mission was sent directly from Portugal via India. Their arrival stirred curiosity as narrated in the Malay annals. They came when the Portuguese power in India and West Asia.
Expressed deep sentiments againts Muslim traders the missions failled amidst suspicious and influence of the Arab Persian were and traders the Gujeratis. A number of Portuguese captives were held in Melaka including Rui Aroujo. Antagonistic sentiments arouse between both parties.
KEJATUHAN MELAKA, 1511 M
KEJATUHAN MELAKA, 1511 M
Alfonso de Albuquerque tiba di Melaka pada 1 Julai 1511 M untuk membebaskan tawanan Portugis, menuntut gantirugi dan mendapatkan hak perdagangan. Beliau mengepalai angkatan 19 buah kapal dan lebih 1400 pejuang. Semasa menuju Melaka dari Goa, beberapa buah kapal dagang beserta anak kapalnya ditawan dan turut dibawa ke Melaka. Pihak Portugis ketika itu mengamalkan dasar peluasan kekuasaan berteraskan kekuasaan persenjataan. Albuquerque, Wizurai Portugis di India (1509-1515) berpandangan bahawa pusat perdagangan strategik yang diperteguhkan dengan kubu pertahanan adalah penting untuk perdagangan rempah dan menegakkan cita-cita “Asia Portuguesa”.
Di Melaka, beberapa siri perundingan menemui kegagalan, sementara kebencian dan kecurigaan semakin meningkat. Tembak menembak tercetus dan menelan korban jiwa kedua belah pihak. Orang Portugis menyerang kapal Gujerat dan membakar rumah di sepanjang pantai. Pertempuran sengit tercetus sebelum pihak Portugis berjaya menawan jambatan yang merentasi Sungai Melaka. Sultan Ahmad, ulama, pembesar, perajurit dan askar upahan turut mempertahankan Melaka. Portugis kembali melancarkan serangan yang lebih padu pada 16 Ogos 1511.
Serangan tersebut berjaya melumpuhkan pertahanan Melaka. Pihak Portugis banyak merampas harta benda dan senjata disamping memusnahkan kubu pertahanan, masjid, istana dan sebagainya. Pada 24 Ogos 1511, bandar pelabuhan Melaka jatuh ke tangan Portugis. Sultan Mahmud, putera baginda dan pengikutnya meninggalkan Melaka menuju Muar, Pahang dan kemudian ke Bentan.
Alfonso de Alburqueque arrived in Melaka on July 1511 AD release Portuguese
Captive, demand compensation and secure trading rights. He led and fleet of 19 ship and more than 1400 soldier while navigating to Melaka from Goa. Number of ship together with the crew were captured and brought to Melaka. The party at that time expanded their power by force of arm. Alburqueque the port Viceroy in India. 1509-1515 was of the opinion that strategic centre of trade fortified by defense fortressed were essential to the spice trade and instrumental in shaping “Asia Portuguesesa” in Melaka a series of negotiations. Failed as hetred and suspicion escalated. Shootings broke out climing life on both sides. The Portuguese affected the Gujeratis vessels and burned the village along the shore.
A fierce battle ensured before the party succeeded in capturing the bridge across the Melaka River. Sultan Ahmad the scholars, dignitaries warrior and mercenaries defended Melaka, the Portuguese returned to launch a stronger assault on August 10 1511. The attack managed to weaken Malacca defend. The Portuguese seized properties and weapons destroying bullwork. Mosque, the palaces and many others. On August 24 1511, the Port and city of Melaka fell to Portuguese. Sultan Mahmud his heir and follower abandoned Melaka and move to Muar, Pahang and subsequently to Bentan.
SISTEM PERDAGANGAN PORTUGIS DI MELAKA
PORTUGUESE TRADING SYSTEM IN MALACCA
Pihak Portugis di Melaka mengamalkan sistem monopoli perdagangan. Barangan tertentu misalnya rempah, cengkih dan lain-lain dijadikan monopoli kerajaan. Para pegawai yang dilantik merupakan anggota kerajaan yang dibayar gaji dan elaun menurut kedudukan serta peranan masing-masing. Dibawah sistem monopoli, kapal dagang yang belayar di Selat Melaka dipaksa berlabuh dan membayar cukai di Melaka. Surat izin berdagang dengan kadar yang ditetapkan dikekalkan. Mana-mana kapal dagang yang enggan mematuhi peraturan berkenaan dikenakan hukuman berat termasuk dirampas atau ditenggelamkan. Keadaan ini menyebabkan ramai saudagar asing khususnya saudagar Islam berdagang di Pelabuhan lain seperti Acheh, Brunei, Patani, Johor dan sebagainya.
Sistem percukaian Portugis adalah membebankan di mana cukai asas sebanyak 6% dikenakan keatas keseluruhan muatan dagangan. Barang dagangan dari negeri China dikenakan cukai sejumlah 10% manakala cukai dagangan dari Benggala ditetapkan 8%. Bahan makanan tidak dikenakan cukai import kerana Melaka bergantung kepada bekalan dari luar. Sistem monopoli perdagangan Portugis tidak dapat bertahan dan sentiasa dicabar oleh pelabuhan dan kerajaan sekitarnya. Cita-cita Portugis untuk memonopoli perdagangan rempah di Ternate dan Tidore, lada hitam di Kedah dan bijih timah di Perak umpamanya juga tidak kesampaian.
The Portuguese practiced the monopoly trading system in Melaka. Certain goods such as spices, clove and others became the monopoly of government. Officers were government servants. Their salaries and allowances were paid according to their positions in function under the monopoly system trading ship which plied through the Straits Of Melaka, were forced to harbour and pay taxes at passes ant trading rights were granted with fixed amount. Disobedience would lead to severe punishment including confiscation of cargoes or ship destroyed. This action had caused many foreign merchants especially Muslims to trade at otherports such as Aceh, Brunei, Pattani, Johor and others.
The Portuguese imposed a heavy taxation system whereby a 5% tax was charged on the total value of cargo. Merchandise from China was taxes as mush as 10% while those come from Bengal were set at 8%. No taxes were imposed on food items because Melaka dependant on imports. The Portuguese could not defend their monopoly trading system and were seriously challenged by the rival ports and neighbouring powers. The Portuguses ambition to monopolize the spice trade at Terrate and Tidore, pepper in Kedah and tin of Perak among others also failed.
PENTADBIRAN PORTUGIS DI MELAKA
PORTUGUESE ADMINISTRATION IN MALACCA
Alfonso de Alburquerque berperanan menyusun sistem pentadbiran Portugis di Melaka. Beliau turut mengasaskan kubu pertahanan yang dikenali sebagai kota A Farmosa. Kubu berbentuk 4 persegi itu mempunyai 4 menara dengan dindingnya setebal 2.4 meter, salah satu menara itu mencecah ketinggian 36 meter. Di dalam lingkungan Kota Melaka, terdapat kediaman rasmi Kapten Melaka, Bishop, Gereja, bangunan pentadbiran, gudang peluru, penjara, perigi, hospital, sekolah dan sebagainya. Jawatan pentadbiran tinggi yang dikenali sebagai Kapten Kota 1 Gabenor dikhaskan kapada golongan bangsawan (Fidalgo), yang dilantik selama 3 atau 4 tahun. Institusi tempatan seperti Bendahara, Temenggung dan Syahbandar dikekalkan bagi menguruskan ehwal penduduk tempatan. Setiap pedagang di Melaka iaitu orang Cina, India dan Jawa ditadbir oleh Ketua tersendiri bergelar Kapitan Suku Kaum. Pentadbiran Portugis di Melaka menghadapi banyak masalah kekurangan kakitangan, ketidakcekapan, rasuah, pilih kasih dan penyelewengan berlaku tanpa ada usaha mengatasinya.
Di luar lingkungan pelabuhan dan kota Melaka, kuasa Portugis pula amat terbatas. Negeri-negeri Melayu menghalakan kesetiaannya kepada Kesultanan Johor. Polisi perkahwinan campur antara lelaki Portugis dengan penduduk tempatan dan proses kristianiti gagal memenuhi matlamat yang dihajati. Dalam tahun 1550 an, Melaka diisytiharkan sebagai bandaraya dan diperuntukkan Bishop yang khusus. Pihak Portugis turut mengamalkan polisi diskriminasi keagamaan menyebabkan ramai meninggalkan Melaka khususnya pedagang Islam. Sebagai akibatnya Kota Melaka kerap diserang musuh sepanjang pendudukan Portugis selama 130 tahun.
Alfonso de Alburqueque was instrumental in arranging the Portuguese administrative system in Melaka. He founded the defense fortress known as A Farmosa. This rectangular fort consisted of 4 towers with walls as thick as 2.4 m. one of its towers stood 36 m high. The fortress housed the official residence of captain and bishop, churches, administrative building, stockhade, jail, wells, hospital, school and others. The biggest activity known as the captain as the fortress was reserves for the elite (fidalgo), appointed every 3 or 4 years. The local institution such as the Bendahara, Temenggung, Syahbandar was maintained to manage the affairs of the local people. Every traders in Melaka including the Chinese, Indian and Javanese were governed by their own leaders styled the Tribal Capitan. The Portuguese administration was plagued by numerous problems.
Insufficient manpower, inefficiency bribery, favouritism and misappropriations were rampant without any efforts to cradicate them. Portuguese influence was limited in the areas within the harbour and the Melaka fort. The Malay states pledged their loyalty towards the Johor Sultanate. Intermarriages policy between Portuguesan males with the natives and Christianization felt short of their target. During the 1550’s Melaka was declared a city and was assigned to its own Bishop. The Portuguese carried out religious discriminatory policy causing many to leaved Melaka especially the Muslim merchants. As a result of the Melaka port was frequenly attacked by enemies during the 130 years of Portuguese rule.
KEDATANGAN PORTUGIS
THE ARRIVAL OF PORTUGUESE
Sejak Vasco da Gama sampai ke Calicut di pantai Malabar, India pada tahun 1498, pihak Portugis memahami bahawa bukan India sahaja yang membekalkan rempah ratus. Mereka juga mengetahui perhubungan rapat yang wujud antara Sultan Calicut dan Sultan Mahmud Syah di Melaka. Seawal tahun 1504, pihak Portugis bersedia menghubungi Melaka, tetapi tidak dapat berbuat demikian kerana pihak Portugis dan angkatan tenteranya cuba menakluk dan menguasai negeri-negeri pantai di lautan Arab.
Raja Portugis memerintah orang-orangnya supaya menghubungi Melaka dengan segera untuk mewujudkan perhubungan perdagangan pada tahun 1506, tetapi mereka dapat berbuat demikian cuma pada tahun 1508 apabila Diogo Lopes de Sequeira yang mengetuai 4 buah kapal mula belayar dari Lisbon dan sampai di Melaka pada 11hb September 1509. Kedatangan kapal-kapalnya di pelabuhan menarik perhatian ramai kerana bentuknya yang luar biasa dan apabila Sequeira dan orang-orangnya mendarat di pantai, mereka adalah orang Eropah pertama menjejakkan kaki di Melaka. Orang-orang tempatan belum pernah melihat orang Eropah menganggap mereka sebagai Benggali putih. Apabila mereka melintasi bazar ke rumah Bendahara, orang tempatan mula menyentuh mereka. Kedatangan Sequeira dan orang-orangnya ke Melaka menandakan permulaan kejatuhan Kerajaan Melayu Melaka.
Ever since Vasco Da Gama reached Calicut in the Malabar coast of India in 1498, they understood that India alone did not supply all the spices. They also came to know the cordial relationship between Sultan of Calicut and Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca and thus the existence of the emporium of the east. While the Portugis were busy in conquering Calicut, Goa and hormoz, they were also collecting all avaible datas about Malacca.As early as 1504, the Portuguese were ready to contact Malacca but were held back due to the wars. They started against the coastal states of Arabians seas.
When the Portugies king ordered his men to contact Malacca immediately and establish trade relationship in 1506, they could only do so in 1508, when 4 ships under 11th September 1509.The arrival of his men landed on shore, they became the fist europeans to step into Malacca. The locals had never seen an Europeans, mistook and referred them as white Benggalis. When they went through the bazaar to the residence of Bendahara, people stared to gather around them and touched them.
The arrival of Sequeira and his men in Malacca signaled the beginning of the downfall of the Malacca sultanate.
PENENTANGAN JOHOR TERHADAP PORTUGIS
JOHOR RIVALRIES AGAINTS THE PORTUGUESE
Setelah Melaka ditawan oleh Portugis, Sultan Mahmud, pembesar dan sebilangan rakyat yang setia memindahkan pusat kekuasaan ke beberapa tempat di Johor, sebelum bertapak di Bentan. Kesultanan Johor adalah kesinambungan terhadap Kesultanan Melaka. struktur dan organisasi politik, perekonomian serta sosial Johor menyerupai Melaka. Pihak Portugis hanya berkuasa di Pelabuhan dan Bandar Melaka, manakala Sultan Mahmud dan pengganti baginda di Johor-Riau ditaati oleh kebanyakan negara dan jajahan Kesultanan Melaka terdahulu. Dari Johor dan Bentan, baginda mengarahkan perajurit yang diketuai oleh Laksamana Hang Nadim melancarkan siri serangan terhadap orang Portugis di Melaka. Serangan dan kepungan tersebut telah menyulitkan kedudukan Portugis di Melaka.
Pihak Portugis bertindak balas membinasakan Bentan. Baginda mangkat di Kampar dalam tahun 1528 M. Serangan bertujuan melumpuhkan dan menawan semula Melaka diteruskan oleh pengganti baginda dari pusat pentadbiran di sepanjang Sungai Johor. Dalam tahun 1535 dan 1536, Portugis melancarkan serangan menyebabkan Sultan Alaudin terpaksa berdamai dengan pihak Portugis. Dalam tahun 1540 Johor Lama menjadi ibu kota Kerajaan. Dalam tahun 1551 Johor melalui pakatan dengan Japara, Pahang dan Perak melancarkan serangan melibatkan 5000 tentera dan 200 perahu menyerang Melaka.
Pelabuhan Melaka dikepung selama 3 bulan menyebabkan kematian dan kebuluran. Dalam tahun 1587, Johor yang bangkit semula selepas diserang Acheh telah memerangi Melaka dengan melibatkan tentera sekutu dari Aru, Kampar, Inderagiri dan sebagainya. Dalam tahun yang sama, Johor Lama dibinasakan oleh pihak Portugis. Selepas tahun 1587, Johor sebenarnya lebih diancam oleh Acheh daripada pihak Portugis di Melaka.
After the capture of Malacca by Portuguese, Sultan Mahmud, his dignitaries and several loyal subjects shifted the seat of power to several places in Johor before settling at Bentan. The Johor Sultanate was a continuing episode of the Melaka Sultanate. Johor’s political, economical and social structures were similar to Melaka. The Portuguese influence was restricted to the Melaka port and city while Sultan Mahmud and his successors in Johor Riau enjoyed allegiance from most of the former Melaka dependencies. From Johor and Bentan, the Sultan directed his army headed be Laksamana Hang Nadim to launch series of attack against the Portuguese in Melaka. the attacks and sieges caused hardship to the Portuguese. They counteracted by destroying Bentan. The Sultan died at Kampar in 1528 AD.
The attacks aimed to impair and recover Melaka were continued by his successors from the capitals located along the Johor River. In 1535 and 1536, the Portuguese mounted their attacks causing Sultan Alaudin to sue for peace. In 1540 AD Johor Lama became the seat of power. In 1551 Johor with Japara, Phang and Perak attacked Melaka involving 5000 soldiers and 200 pahus. Melaka port was blockaded 43 months resulting in death and hunger. In 1587, Johor reemerged after the Acehnese attack, mounted on slaught on Melaka in alliance with armies from Aru, Kampar, Inderagiri and others. In the same year, the Portuguese devastated Johor Lama. After 1587, Aceh was more of threat to Johor than the Portuguese in Melaka.
KESAN PENDUDUKAN PORTUGIS DI MELAKA
PORTUGUESE INFLUENCE IN MELAKA
Pendudukan Portugis di Melaka sejak 1511-1641 M telah meninggalkan pelbagai kesan. Dari segi politik, Portugis telah menyebabkan perpecahan dan keruntuhan zaman keagungan empayar Melaka. Pusat kekuasaan yang selama lebih satu abad memainkan peranan penting di Tanah Melayu dan sekitarnya serta berupaya mengawal lalu lintas perkapalan secara aman di Selat Melaka terpaksa berpindah ke Bentan dan Johor. Kehadiran Portugis menimbulkan perbalahan yang tidak putus-putus di Selat Melaka. Di bidang perekonomian, dasar monopoli Portugis telah merosakkan perdagangan Melaka. Sekalipun perdagangan Melaka dibawah pentadbiran Portugis mendapat keuntungan beberapa kali, namun paksaan dan tekanan yang dikenakan menyebabkan ramai pedagang Islam dan Cina meninggalkan negeri ini.
Kesultanan Acheh dan Johor turut menyaingi perdagangan Portugis. Dari segi sosial, kebudayaan Portugis telah mempengaruhi kebudayaan penduduk tempatan. Tarian joget dan makanan pedas berempah masih diamalkan oleh penduduk tempatan. Hasil perkahwinan antara orang Portugis dan tempatan telah melahirkan masyarakat kacukan yang mengamalkan agama Kristian Mazhab Katholik. Beberapa perkataan Portugis termasuk “bandeira”, “sapato” dan sebagainya diubahsuai dan terserap dalam Bahasa Melayu. Rupa bentuk bangunan di Melaka termasuk Kota A Farmosa dan Gereja dibina menurut pengaruh Eropah.
After the capture of Malacca by Portuguese, Sultan Mahmud, his dignitaries and several loyal subjects shifted the seat of power to several places in Johor before settling at Bentan. The Johor Sultanate was a continuing episode of the Melaka Sultanate. Johor’s political, economical and social structures were similar to Melaka. The Portuguese influence was restricted to the Melaka port and city while Sultan Mahmud and his successors in Johor Riau enjoyed allegiance from most of the former Melaka dependencies. From Johor and Bentan, the Sultan directed his army headed be Laksamana Hang Nadim to launch series of attack against the Portuguese in Melaka. the attacks and sieges caused hardship to the Portuguese. They counteracted by destroying Bentan. The Sultan died at Kampar in 1528 AD.
The attacks aimed to impair and recover Melaka were continued by his successors from the capitals located along the Johor River. In 1535 and 1536, the Portuguese mounted their attacks causing Sultan Alaudin to sue for peace. In 1540 AD Johor Lama became the seat of power. In 1551 Johor with Japara, Phang and Perak attacked Melaka involving 5000 soldiers and 200 pahus. Melaka port was blockaded 43 months resulting in death and hunger. In 1587, Johor reemerged after the Acehnese attack, mounted on slaught on Melaka in alliance with armies from Aru, Kampar, Inderagiri and others. In the same year, the Portuguese devastated Johor Lama. After 1587, Aceh was more of threat to Johor than the Portuguese in Melaka.
LUKISAN MELAKA OLEH GASPER CORREA, 1513/1550 T.M.
MALACCA BY GASPER CORREA 1511/1550
Gasper Correa salah seorang Setiausaha Alfonso de Albuquerque berada di Melaka antara tahun 1513 dan 1514. Lukisan yang dipamerkan dipercayai dilukis sewaktu beliau berada di Melaka dan dipercayai menggambarkan keadaan Melaka di bawah pentadbiran Portugis. Kota A Famosa yang dibina oleh Albuquerque ditunjukkan dengan jelas, di samping tempat ibadat di atas Bukit St. Paul. Bagaimanapun tempat ibadat itu dibina cuma pada tahun 1521. Lukisan ini membesarkan saiz mahupun bilangan bangunan di sekitar Kota A Famosa.
Ada kemungkinan, karya ini dihasilkan selepas 1521. Ada ahli sejarah yang meletakkan tarikh lukisan ini pada 1536 ataupun 1550. Salah satu tarikh ini mungkin dapat diterima.
Gasper Correa was one of the secretaries of Albuquerque and was in Malacca during the year 1513 - 1514. The painting on display was supposed to have been painted during his stay in Malacca and supposed to depict the scenario of Portuguese Malacca. A farmosa fort built by Albuquerque was clealy indicated, so was the chapel a top the St Paul’s hill. But the chapel was only built in 1521.The painting also exaggerated the size and the numbers of the buildings located around a Farmosa.
It was possible that this painting could only have been painted later than 1521.Some historians had indicated 2 other dates for the painting, that is 1536 and 1550.A later date for the painting could be acceptable.
