MUZIUM SEJARAH / HISTORY MUSEUM
MODEL KAPAL PORTUGIS
PORTUGUESE SHIP MODELS
Model kapal perang Portugis yang dipanggil ‘Barinel’. Ia hanya digunakan untuk mengangkut barang-barang yang dibawa oleh kapal.
This is a model of the Portuguese ship, ‘Barinel’ which was used to carry cargo.
KAPAL TONGKANG CHINA
CHINESE JUNKS
China sememangnya terkenal sebagai pelopor dalam bidang perkapalan dunia. Kapal-kapal mereka biasa belayar ke India dan Arab. Tongkang ialah sebuah kapal yang terkenal dan ia sering digunakan untuk belayar pergi balik ke Melaka. Kapal bentuk ini berada di pelabuhan Kota Melaka semasa Albuquerque menyerang Melaka pada tahun 1511.
The Chinese were known throughout the world as the pioneers in shipbuilding. The Chinese ships used to sail as far as India and Arabia. The tongkang is one of the well-known Chinese ships that often sailed to and it’s from Melaka. It was at the Melaka harbour when Albuquerque attacked Melaka in 1511.
MODEL KAPAL ‘FLORA de LA MAR’
MODEL OF ‘FLORA de LA MAR’
Flora de La Mar adalah kapal perang Portugis jenis ‘NAU’. Ianya adalah sebuah kapal yang agak luas dan besar. Ianya mempunyai tiga tiang dan dua ‘castle’, iaitu ruang kediaman dan boleh membawa 600 orang. Muatan kapal Flora de La Mar adalah 500 tan. Tarikh dan tempat pembinaanya tidak diketahui apabila Albuqurque hendak menyerang Melaka kapal ini berada di dalam keadaan yang kurang baik dan tidak ada seorang kapten pun yang berani membawanya. Albuqurque terpaksa membawanya untuk menyerang Melaka. Walaupun ianya bocor tetapi dapat memainkan peranannya dalam menawan Melaka. Pada 26 Jun 1512, kapal Flora de La Mar tenggelam di Selat Melaka semasa pelayaran balik ke Goa beserta segala harta-harta yang dibawanya.
Flora de La Mar was the Portuguese warship belonging to the type ‘NAU’. The ship was fairly big and broad. It also contained three masts and two castles and could carry up to 600 people. Flora de La Mar could carry a load 500 tons.
The date and the place of its construction are not known and when Albuquerque wanted to attack Melaka. This ship was in a very bad shape and no captain bold enough to sail the ship. Albuquerque himself was forced to sail in this ship to attack Melaka. But on 26th Jun 1512, Flora de La Mar sank in the straits of Melaka while returning to Goa. Also sank were the treasures that were located at Melaka.
MODEL KAPAL PERANG PORTUGIS
PORTUGUESE WAR SHIP MODEL
Model kapal Portugis ini dikenali sebagai “Nau”. Kapal Nau ini terkenal sebagai kapal perang Portugis yang handal. Ia dilengkapi dengan senjata untuk menghadapi sebarang kesulitan dan ia juga digunakan untuk mengangkut barang-barang muatan antara 300 hingga 400 tan.
This is a model of the Portuguese warship called “Nau” which was famous for its capabilities. This vessel was armed with weapons so it can defend itself in any tight situations. The “Nau” is also capable of carrying cargo weighing between 300 to 400 tons.
MODEL KAPAL CARAVELA
MODEL OF CARAVELA SHIP
Kapal Caravela adalah kapal Portugis yang digunakan sebagai kapal Perang kerana kelajuan dan kepantasannya. Ianya juga mudah bergerak kemana-mana arah yang dikehendaki dan beratnya tidak melebihi 200 tan. Kapal Caravela memainkan peranan utama dalam pergerakan Portugis dipelayaran Asia.
Caravela were the Portuguese ships that were used as war ship due its spead and quikness. This ship was easy to manoeuvre in any direction and weighed not more than 200 tons. Caravela ships played an important role for the Portuguese naval movements in the Asian Seas.
ALMARI PORTUGIS
THE PORTUGUESE CABINET
Almari kecil tempat menyimpan dokumen-dokumen Portugis yang mengandungi 16 laci yang kecil dan dua laci yang besar ini ditempatkan di atas sebuah meja yang sama bentuk. Ia mempunyai satu lapisan kayu halus yang bermotifkan pohon anggur dan pola-pola yang rumit. Laci-laci ini dihiasi dengan ketulan tembaga yang menarik. Lambang Kerajaan Portugis juga menghiasi muka atas almari ini. Almari Portugis ini ialah bahan tunggal jenis ini yang terdapat di Asia Tenggara. Ia dibuat pada kurun ke 16.
The small Portuguese cabinet used to store documents contains 16 small drawers and two large ones, and is placed on a table of same design. It has a layer of veneer with a vine motif and intricate pattern. The drawers are decorated with fancy brass knobs. The top of the cabinet also bears the Portuguese insignia. This is the only such cabinet found in Southeast Asia. It was made in the 16th century.
KEDATANGAN PORTUGIS
THE COMING OF THE PORTUGUESE
Setelah menakluki Goa, Portugis mendapati punca kekayaan mereka bukan berada di India tetapi di Asia Tenggara. Mereka mengumpulkan maklumat-maklumat dari semua anak-anak kapal yang datang ke Goa dan akhirnya menyedari ‘sesiapa bertuankan Melaka, ada kuasa untuk mencekik leher Venice’. Desakan perasaan yang sangat ingin tahu tentang kekuatan Melaka, sebuah angkatan yang mengandungi 5 buah kapal dihantar ke Melaka diketuai oleh Diego Lopez de Sequeira dan mereka tiba di Melaka pada 11 September 1509. Itulah buat pertama kalinya sekumpulan orang Barat mendarat di Melaka dan rakyat Melaka menyambut kedatangan Portugis ini dengan perasaan hairan melihat rupa dan kulit pendatang itu. Mereka digelar sebagai ‘Benggali Putih’. Ada yang memutar janggut dan ada yang menepuk kepala, ada yang mengambil cepiaunya dan ada yang memegang tangan.
Kedatangan Portugis ke Melaka bukanlah satu petanda yang baik bagi Kota Melaka. Zaman gelap dan kesulitan bagi Kesultanan Melaka sudah pun bermula.
After conquering Goa, the Portuguese found out that the source of wealth was not in India but in South-East Asia. They gathered all the necessary information from the sailors, who gathered in Goa and finally realized that ‘whoever is Lord of Melaka, has his hands on the throat of Venice’. Hence, in order to find out about Melaka’s strength, a squadron consisting of 5 ships, was sent to Melaka under Diego Lopez de Sequeira and his fleet arrived in Melaka on 11th September 1509. That was the first time a group of westerners ever landed in Melaka and the Melaka people received the Portuguese in astonishment seeing their features and skins. They were called ‘White Bengalese’. Some pulled their beards, some patted their head, some seized their hats, some grasped their hands.
The coming of Portuguese to Melaka was not the best thing that happened to Melaka. Dark clouds began to gather over the Melaka Sultanate.
PENDARATAN PERTAMA PORTUGIS
THE FIRST LANDING OF THE PORTUGUESE
Apabila baginda melihat Albuquerque dan angkatannya datang dan menembak meriam ke arah Melaka, Sultan Mahmud Syah menyoal tujuan kedatangan mereka. Albuquerque mengemukakan beberapa syarat yang hanya ditunaikan sebelum dia boleh berbincang mengenai soal perdamaian. Sultan Mahmud pula mencadangkan supaya diadakan perdamaian terlebih dahulu sebelum hal-hal lain diselesaikan. Sultan Mahmud sengaja melambat-lambatkan perbincangan, sementara askar-askar Melayu mengukuhkan pertahanan Kota Melaka. Apabila tidak ada sebarang perkembangan selama 6 hari, Albuquerque membakar beberapa buah rumah di pantai dan memusnahkan banyak kapal dagangan melainkan tongkang-tongkang China dan beberapa kapal India dari Tanjung Comorin. Albuquerque ingin menguji kekuatan Melaka dan mengatur serangan pertama pada 25 Julai 1511. Pasukan Portugis berpecah kepada dua pasukan iaitu menyerang dari selatan masjid besar Melaka sementara satu pasukan lain mendarat di seberang sungai bahagian bandar. Satu pertarungan sengit telah berlaku antara askar-askar Portugis dan askar-askar Melayu serta orang-orang Jawa. Ramai daripada askar-askar kedua-dua pihak mengalami cedera parah dan mati. Akhirnya pihak Portugis terpaksa berundur ke kapal mereka membawa bersama askar-askar yang cedera. Kapten-kapten askar Portugis hendak pulang ke Goa, tetapi Albuquerque tetap hendak menakluki Melaka.
Sultan Mahmud Syah, seeing Albuquerque and his squadron firing cannons on Melaka, questioned his intentions. Albuquerque imposed several conditions, which had to be met before he would discuss peace. Sultan Mahmud then suggested that there be peace first before other matters were discussed. Sultan Mahmud was purposely delaying talks while the Melaka soldiers strengthened their positions. After six days when there were no developments, Albuquerque burnt several houses along the coast and destroyed the merchant’s ships except for those belonging to the Chinese and some Indian ships from Cape Comorin. Wanting to test Melaka’s strength, Albuquerque launched the first attack on 25th July 1511. The Portuguese forces were divided into two, one to attack the State Mosque from the south and the other to land on the Northern riverbanks of the city. A bitter battle was fought between the Portuguese and the Malays, supported by the Javanese. There were many injuries and facilities on both sides. In the end, the Portuguese had to retreat to their ship, taking with them their injured. The Portuguese captains returned to India, but Albuquerque was determined to capture Melaka.
PERGADUHAN DI ANTARA PORTUGIS DAN ORANG-ORANG MELAKA
THE QUARREL BETWEEN THE PORTUGUESE AND THE MELAKA
Walaupun Diego Lopez de Sequiera datang untuk mewujudkan perhubungan dengan Melaka, pihak Portugis gagal untuk melahirkan satu suasana yang baik semasa bertemu dengan Bendahara Tun Mutahir. Mereka hanya mementingkan semangat ‘Perang Salib’ dan Islam dianggap sebagai musuh ketat mereka.
Pedagang-pedagang Arab, Gujerat dan beberapa suku kaum India telah mengalami keganasan askar-askar Portugis di Hormuz, Goa, Calicut dan Lautan Arab. Mereka tidak senang hati melihat kedatangan Portugis bukan kerana takut bersaing tetapi kerana mereka tahu tujuan sebenar Portugis. Orang Portugis berlagak sombong tanpa menghiraukan sensitiviti orang-orang kosmopolitan di Melaka. Orang-orang Melayu yang menerima mereka sebagai Benggali Putih berasa kecewa dengan kelakuan askar-askar Portugis. Akhirnya berlaku perkelahian antara orang-orang Portugis dengan orang-orang Melaka. Pergaduhan tersebut tidak membawa kepada peperangan, akan tetapi ia memaksa kerajaan meninjau semula persetujuan yang dibuat dengan Portugis membenarkan mereka berniaga. Seramai 18 orang Portugis ditangkap dan Sequiera terus melarikan diri ke Lisbon selepas membedil Kota Melaka. Kedatangan Portugis kali kedua membawa kepada peperangan pertama di Kota Melaka.
Although Diego Lopez de Sequiera came to establish relations, the Portuguese failed to create a good impression during their meeting with Prime Minister Tun Mutahir. They were more concerned with the crusading spirit and Islam was their sworn adversary. The Arabs, Gujerati's and traders from other parts of India had experienced the cruelty of the Portuguese soldiers at Harmuz, Calicut, Goa, and the Arabian seas. They were not comfortable with the arrival of the Portuguese, not because of the competition, but because of their real motives. The Portuguese were egoistic, not caring for the sensitivities of cosmopolitan in Melaka. The Malays who had accepted them as ‘White Bengalis’ were disappointed with their behaviour. Subsequently, a quarrel erupted between the Portuguese and the Melaka.
The quarrel did not escalate into war; however, it forced the government to reconsider all trade agreements made with the Portuguese. 18 Portuguese men were caught and after firing on Melaka, Sequiera ran back to Lisbon. The second arrival of the Portuguese in Melaka signaled the start of war.
SERANGAN BELANDA PADA TAHUN 1640
THE DUTCH ATTACK IN 1640
Selepas serangan Belanda pada tahun 1606 dan kemudian pada tahun 1608 tidak berjaya, Belanda telah mengatur strategi lain dan secara sistematik menghapuskan angkatan tentera laut Portugis di perairan ini. Mereka juga berjaya mendapat sokongan Johor dan Acheh untuk menyerang Portugis tetapi Acheh menarik diri kerana enggan bekerjasama dengan Johor.
Pada Jun 1640, sebanyak 12 kapal perang Belanda dan 6 kapal membawa 3000 orang askar Belanda tiba di pelabuhan Melaka dan membedil Kota Portugis. Pasukan ini diketuai oleh Adriaen Antonisson. Pasukan Portugis di bawah Gabenor Manuel de Souza Coutinho, membalas tembakan dengan meriam-meriam besar. Pada penghujung bulan Julai, Sultan Johor tiba dengan 1500 orang askar untuk membantu Belanda. Pada 2 Ogos 1640, gabungan askar ini mendarat di Tengkera dan berjaya mengatasi pertahanan Portugis di sana. Askar-askar Portugis berundur ke Kota Portugis dan menyediakan pertahanan mereka.
Sangkaan Belanda bahawa Kota Portugis boleh ditawan dengan mudah adalah tidak benar. Bermulalah satu episod di mana ramai orang di kedua belah pihak telah terkorban.
After the Dutch failed to attack the Portuguese in 1606 and 1608, the Dutch planned their strategies and systematically destroyed the Portuguese naval forces in these waters. They also succeeded in getting the support of Johore and Aceh to attack the Portuguese but the Achehnese withdrew because they did not want to work with Johore.
In early June 1640, 12 large Dutch warships and six smaller ships carrying 3000 Dutch soldiers arrived in Melaka and attacked the Portuguese fortress. Adriaen Antonisson led the naval force. The Portuguese forces under Governor Manuel de Souza Coutinho, returned fire with larger cannons. At the end of July, the Sultan of Johore arrived with 1500 men to help the Dutch. On 2nd August 1640, the joint forces landed in Tengkera and succeeded in defeating the Portuguese army there. The Portuguese soldiers withdrew to the fortress.
The Dutch’s believe that the fort would fall easily did not come true. Thus, began a period when many from both sides were killed.
SERANGAN ACEH (1628-1629)
THE ACHEHNESE ATTACK (1628-1629)
Permusuhan ketat di antara Aceh dengan Portugis bermula dari tahun 1521 sehingga kedua-dua belah pihak tidak dapat mengalahkan antara satu sama lain. Portugis cuba menyekat Aceh tetapi tidak berjaya. Acheh juga melancarkan serangan demi serangan ke atas Portugis di Kota Melaka tetapi tidak dapat menawan kubu pertahanan Portugis. Setiap pertempuran di antara Aceh, dengan semangat gigihnya dan Portugis dengan semangat gagahnya menjadi lebih sengit terdahulu sebelum itu.
Mahkota Alam, Sultan Aceh sejak tahun 1612, sememangnya ingin menguasai Melaka. Sebagai langkah pertama, baginda telah menyerang serta menakluki Perak, Pahang dan Kedah. Persiapan untuk menyerang Melaka dibuat selama dua tahun. Pada tahun 1628, baginda mengumpul 20,000 orang dan 300 buah kapal untuk menyerang Melaka. Beliau memusnahkan kapal-kapal dan kubu-kubu Portugis di Bukit Senjuang, Bukit China, dan di seberang Sungai Melaka. Askar-askar Portugis berhimpun di dalam kota dan menunggu ketibaan bantuan dari Goa. Walaupun beberapa kali mencuba, namun askar-askar Acheh tidak dapat menembusi Kota Portugis. Akhirnya mereka mengepung Kota Portugis dari setiap sudut dan mendirikan kubu berhampiran dengan benteng Portugis. Askar-askar Aceh terpaksa meninggalkan Melaka apabila angkatan Portugis yang mengandungi 80 kapal perang tiba di muara Sungai Melaka dan mengepung kapal-kapal Acheh. Hanya 16 buah kapal Acheh sahaja dapat melepaskan diri dari serangan ini.
The bitter enmity between Aceh and Portuguese started from 1521 until both sides were unable to defeat the other. The Portuguese tried to stop Aceh but were unsuccessful. Aceh launched several attacks on the Portuguese in Melaka, but was unable to penetrate the Portuguese defences. Each battle between the Achehnese, with their persistence, and the Portuguese with their valiant defence, was fiercer than the one before. Mahkota Alam, the Sultan of Aceh since 1612, wanted to rule Melaka, and as the first move, he attacked and conquered Perak, Pahang and Kedah. Preparations to attack Melaka took two years. In 1628, he gathered 20000 people and 300 ships to attack Melaka. He destroyed the Portuguese ships and forts in Bukit Senjuang, Bukit China and across the Melaka River. The Portuguese soldiers were gathered at the fort, waiting reinforcements from Goa. Even though they tried several times, his soldiers were not able to penetrate the fort. Finally, they blockaded it and built a camp near to the Portuguese so as to attack them.
The Achehnese soldiers had to leave Melaka when a large number of Portuguese fleet of 80 warships and blocked their ships at the mouth of the Melaka River. Only 16 Achehnese were able to escape.
SERANGAN PORTUGIS DENGAN TONGKANG
THE PORTUGUESE ATTACK IN A JUNK
Albuquerque tidak pernah patah semangat walaupun serangan pertama beliau tidak berjaya. Beliau menerima sokongan pedagang-pedagang China yang menyerahkan tongkang-tongkang mereka kepada Albuquerque. Ketua pasukan Jawa di Kota Melaka, Utimuti, secara sulit berhubung dengan Albuquerqeu dan sanggup membantunya. Nina Chattu, seorang saudagar India juga menghantar berita sulit kepada Albuquerque.
Ruy de Arajo, seorang tahanan di Melaka juga memberitahu kepentingan jambatan yang menyambungkan Istana dan bandar. Menyedari bahawa penawanan jambatan itu boleh memecahkan kekuatan Kota Melaka, Albuquerque ingin menggunakan tongkang China untuk menawan jambatan itu. Pada malam sebelum serangan kedua, kapal-kapal Portugis telah membedil Kota Melaka. Apabila Albuquerque melancar serangan yang kedua, beliau mendapat kepastian sokongan orang-orang Jawa dan sekumpulan India selatan. Pada pagi 10 Ogos 1511, Albuquerque melengkapkan sebuah tongkang dan merapatkannya ke jambatan itu. Dari situ, Portugis membedil masjid, istana dan bandar. Orang-orang Jawa tidak membantu pada kali ini, walaupun dibayar gaji pendahuluan sebanyak tiga bulan. Sultan Ahmad sendiri menaiki gajahnya dan cuba memberi semangat kepada askar-askar Melayu tetapi masih gagal melawan serangan berdisiplin askar-askar Portugis. Akhirnya Melaka ditawan.
Albuquerque did not lose heart even though his first attack was unsuccessful. He got a support from the Chinese traders who let him use their ships. The leader of the Javanese in Melaka, Ultimuti Raja, secretly contacted Albuquerque and gave him his support. Nina Chattu, an Indian trader also sent secret messages to Albuquerque.
Vital information about the bridge connecting the palace with the town was also obtained from Ruy De Arajo, a prisoner in Melaka. Albuquerque realized that capturing the bridge would break Melaka’s strength, He wanted to use the Chinese junks for this purpose. On the night before the second attack, the Portuguese fired on Melaka.
When Albuquerque launched the second attack, he had the support of the Javanese and the South Indians. On 10th August 1511, Albuquerque used a junk to get close to the bridge. From here, he fired on the mosque, palace and town. This time the Javanese did not help although they had been paid three months’ wages. Sultan Ahmad himself rode an elephant and went out to encourage his soldiers, but was unable to counter the disciplined attack of the Portuguese. Finally, Melaka was defeated.
BENDAHARA TEPOK DIUSUNG KELUAR
THE PRIME MINISTER IS CARRIED OUT
Tun Mat anakanda kepada Tun Perak telah dilantik menjadi Bendahara menggantikan Tun Mutahir. Semasa Portugis menyerang Kota Melaka, Tun Mat memegang jawatan Bendahara. Ketika itu, Tun Mat telah pun lanjut usianya manakala kakinya pula lumpuh. Beliau enggan menerima jawatan Bendahara tetapi dipaksa menerimanya. Beliau diusung ke mana-mana termasuk ke Balairung Seri. Beliau dikenali dengan nama Bendahara Tepok. Albuquerqe dan angkatannya sudah pun menawan jambatan dan masjid besar Melaka. Mereka membedil Banda Hilir sepanjang malam dan meriam juga digunakan untuk membedil istana. Sultan Mahmud dan Sultan Ahmad bersama-sama keluarganya telah berundur ke Bukit Sebukur dan Bertam Ulu. Apabila askar-askar Portugis menyerang Istana dan balai-balai, Bendahara Tepok yang berada di istana Besar diusung keluar untuk diselamatkan. Walaupun beliau lumpuh, Bendahara Tepok masih ingin melawan askar-askar Portugis dan mati di medan peperangan. Hasrat Tun Mat tidak tercapai. Beliau meninggal dunia di Lubuk Batu, Segamat. Meskipun lumpuh, semangatnya tinggi.
Tun Mat was the son of Tun Perak, was appointed as the Prime Minister after Tun Mutahir. Tun Mat was the Prime Minister when the Portuguese attacked Melaka. He was already an old man and his legs were paralysed. He did not want to become Prime Minister but was forced to accept the position. He has to be carried everywhere including the Audience Hall. Thus, he came to be called the lame Prime Minister.
Albuquerqe and his forces had already taken the bridge and the state mosque. They bombarded Melaka Town all night long and fired at the palace with cannons. Sultan Mahmud, Sultan Ahmad and their families had retreated to Bukit Sebukur and Bertam Ulu. When the Portuguese soldiers attacked the palace, the Prime Minister was still there and had to be carried out. But even though he was lame, the Prime Minister wanted to fight the Portuguese and died in the battlefield. Tun Mat did not get his wish. He died in Lubuk Batu, near Segamat. Although he was lame, he was full of the fighting spirit.
TUN SERI LANANG
TUN SERI LANANG
Tun Seri Lanang, cicit kepada Bendahara Tun Perak ialah Bendahara Paduka Raja Tun Muhammad @ Mahmud pada zaman pemerintahan Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah Johor. Beliau telah ditugaskan untuk menjadi orang pertama menyunting Sejarah Melayu (Sulalat al-Salatin) oleh Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah Johor semasa baginda dalam tawanan Sultan Acheh Mahkota Alam di Pasai. Sejarah Melayu meriwayatkan peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah Kesultanan Melaka merentasi 600 tahun yang mengandungi adat - istiadat istana, salasilah raja-raja dengan amalan berkomplot, mitos dan tokoh-tokoh lagenda yang menarik walaupun melepasi tiga abad. Tugasan ini bermula pada 13 Mei 1612. Sejarah Melayu disunting kali kedua oleh Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi, lebih terkenal dengan nama Munsyi Abdullah yang meninggal dunia pada tahun 1854.
Tun Seri Lanang, a great grandson of Tun Perak was Bendahara Paduka Raja Tun Muhammad @ Mahmud during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah of Johore. While being held in captive in Pasai by Mahkota Alam of Acheh, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah of Johore commissioned Tun Seri Lanang to be first editor of the Malay Annals. The Malay Annals chronicles 600 years history of the Melaka Sultanate which was filled intricate royal protocol, royal lineages full of intrigues, myths, legendary figures and episodes which still captivate people even after three centuries. It was claimed that work on the book began on Sunday, 13th May 1612. It was reedited by Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi, better known as Munsyi Abdullah who died in 1854.
KEBINASAAN KOTA MELAKA DAN RAMPASAN KEKAYAAN MELAKA
THE DESTRUCTION AND LOOTING OF MELAKA
Kota Melaka jatuh kepada Albuquerqe pada 10 Ogos 1511. Pengunduran Sultan ke Bertam Ulu, memberi peluang Albuquerqe merancang untuk menghapuskan tentangan dari askar-askar Melayu, orang-orang Islam, Gujerat dan Hindu. Albuquerqe mengarahkan supaya barisan askar-askar Portugis menghapuskan sebarang tentangan. Askar-askar Portugis pergi ke setiap tempat dan membunuh sesiapa yang disyaki, samada lelaki, perempuan atau kanak-kanak. Orang-orang Pegu dan Hindu dari Tanjung Comorin dibenarkan balik dengan harta-harta mereka apabila mereka menyerah diri. Pada 24 Ogos 1511, Albuquerqe mengeluarkan arahan supaya semua harta Kota Melaka dirampas. Rumah Nina Chattu dan orang-orang Jawa yang telah menolong Portugis membunuh orang-orang yang menentang mereka tidak diusik. Askar-askar Portugis telah merampas kekayaan Kota Melaka dan kekayaan Sultannya. Harta yang dirampas termasuk kerusi-kerusi emas, pasu-pasu emas, ketulan emas, perkakas emas, batu-batu permata, kain sutera, wangi-wangian dan barang-barang lain yang berharga serta antara 2000 hingga 3000 pucuk meriam tembaga.
Kota Melaka semasa zaman Kesultanan Melaka telah dibinasakan dan kekayaan Melaka dirampas. Identiti Kesultanan Melayu Melaka telah dihapuskan setelah tibanya orang Portugis.
Melaka fell to Albuquerque on 10th August 1511. The Sultan’s retreat to Bertam Ulu gave Albuquerque the chance to eliminate the resistance of the Malay warriors, the Muslims, Gujaratis and Hindus. Albuquerque ordered his soldiers to kill anyone who looked suspicious, regardless of whether they were men, women or child. When they surrender, the people from Pegu and Hindus from Cape Comorin were allowed to return home their belongings.
On August 24, 1511, Albuquerque gave orders to ransack the town. The homes of Nina Chattu and the Javanese who helped the Portuguese kill those who resisted them were spared. The Portuguese looted Melaka and the Sultan’s properties. Among the items taken were gold chairs, jewellery, gold nuggets, gold utensils, precious stones, silk, perfumes and other valuable items and between 2,000 to 3,000 bronze cannons.
The Melaka of the Sultanate era was completely destroyed and looted. Its identity was wiped out the arrival of the Portuguese.
PEMBINAAN FORTALEZA – KOTA PORTUGIS PERTAMA
THE CONSTRUCTION OF FORTALENZA, THE FIRST PORTUGUESE FORT
Kejatuhan Kota Melaka pada bulan Ogos 1511 kepada Portugis tidak bermakna Sultan Melaka mengaku kalah dan berpindah ke Johor. Albuquerque sedar Sultan Mahmud Syah yang membuat kubu-kubu pertahanan di Batu Hampar, Bertam dan Taboh Naning pasti akan cuba menawan semula Melaka. Beliau pula ingin mengekalkan kedudukan Portugis di Melaka. Walaupun Albuquerque hanya berada di Melaka hingga bulan Januari 1512, beliau dapat mendirikan sebuah kota kecil untuk mempertahankan serangan terhadap mereka. Beliau bukan sahaja hendak menakluki Melaka selama-lamanya, tetapi juga mahu membangunkan semula aktiviti perniagaan dan perdagangan dengan segera.
Untuk mendirikan sebuah kota yang kukuh, beliau telah memecahkan istana Raja yang terletak di atas bukit dan masjid besar yang terdapat di kaki bukit. Batu-batu yang dikumpulkan dari pecahan istana, masjid dan makam-makam raja yang terdapat di belakang masjid mencukupi untuk mendirikan sebuah kota kecil di antara Bukit Melaka (Bukit St. Paul sekarang), muara dan Sungai Melaka yang mengandungi sebuah benteng muara yang bermenara setinggi lima tingkat. Seramai 1,500 orang hamba abdi termasuk orang-orang Melayu yang ditangkap selepas peperangan dipaksa mendirikan kota Portugis yang pertama.
Kemudian, kota kecil ini diperluaskan mengelilingi Bukit St. Paul.
The fall of Melaka in August 1511, to the Portuguese didn’t mean that Sultan Mahmud Syah accepted defeat, although he retreated to Johore. Albuquerque realized that the Sultan, who was erecting blockades in Batu Hampar, Bertam and Taboh Naning, would try to conquer back Melaka. He wanted to strengthen the position of the Portuguese in Melaka. Although Albuquerque was only in Melaka until January 1512, he built a small fortress to withstand any attacks on them. He did not just want to conquer Melaka, but also to re-establish its trading activities immediately.
In order to build a strong fortress, Albuquerque demolished the palace on the large mosque at downhill. The stones from the palace, mosque and royal graves behind the mosque were sufficient to build a small fortress with a five-story tower between Melaka's Hill (now St. Paul’s Hill), the estuary and river. 1,500 slaves, including the captured Malay soldiers, were forced to build this fortress, which was named the FORTALEZA. It was later extended to encircle St. Paul’s Hill.
KEPULANGAN ALBUQUERQUE DENGAN FLORA DE LA MAR
ALBUQUERQUE’S RETURN ON THE FLORA DE LA MAR
Albuquerque tiba di Melaka pada 1 Julai 1511 untuk menawan dan melumpuhkan kuasa Melaka. Beliau Berjaya menawan Melaka pada 10 Ogos 1511. Untuk mengukuhkan kedudukan Portugis di Melaka, beliau telah mendirikan kota iaitu ‘A Famosa’ di antara bukit dan Sungai Melaka. Beliau juga menghapuskan semua tentangan Portugis di Melaka seperti Utimutiraja dan orang-orang Jawa yang ingin merampas kuasa dan Sultan Ahmad di Bertam Ulu. Beliau juga mewujudkan satu sistem pentadbiran Kota Melaka yang kebanyakannya mengikut sistem Raja Melaka. Rui de Brito dilantik menjadi ketua kota dan Nina Chattu.
Albuquerque berasa puas hati dengan keadaan di Melaka dan hendak pulang ke Goa. Beliau menghimpunkan semua khazanah Melaka di dalam kapal Flora De La Mar termasuk berpuluh-puluh wanita yang mahir menenun, membuat seni khat dan menari. Pembesar-pembesar Portugis dan penyokong-penyokongnya berhimpun di A Famosa untuk mengucapkan selamat jalan. Albuquerque bertolak ke Goa pada 20 Januari 1512 dengan kapal Flora De La Mar. Dua kapal Portugis dan sebuah kapal Jong menyertai rombongan Albuquerque. Enam hari kemudian, kapal Flora De La Mar tenggelam di perairan Haru, Sumatera. Walau bagaimanapun Albuquerque dapat menyelamatkan diri.
Terdapat dua cerita mengenai karamnya Flora De La Mar:
a) Kerana angin ribut yang tiba-tiba bertiup kencang telah menyebabakn kapal melanggar batu karang dan terus tenggelam.
b) Kerana keuzuran dan kebocoran kapal dengan muatan yang berlebihan menyebabkan kapal tenggelam.
Albuquerque arrived in Melaka on 1st July 1511 to capture Melaka and to disable the power. He succeeded in doing this on 10th August 1511. In order to strengthen their position in Melaka, Albuquerque built the A Famosa fortress between the hill and the Melaka River. He also eliminated all resistance against the Portuguese in Melaka such as Utimutiraja and the Javanese who wanted to wrest power and Sultan Ahmad in Bertam Ulu. He also established an administrative system which was mainly the Sultanate system with Rui de Brito as the Governor and Nina Chattu the Prime Minister.
Happy with the situation, Albuquerque planned to return back to Goa. He collected all the treasures of Melaka into the Flora De La Mar, including the women who were skilled in weaving, embroidery and dancing. The Portuguese dignitaries and their supporters gathered at the A Famosa to bid him farewell.
Albuquerque left for Goa on 20th January 1512 on the Flora De La Mar. Two Portuguese ships and a Jong ship accompanied him. Six days later, the Flora De La Mar sank off the coast of Haru, Sumatera. However, Albuquerque saved.
There were two theories about the sinking of Flora De La Mar:
a) The sudden, strong winds, which caused the ship to hit the corals and sink.
b) The age of the ship caused it to spring a leak, as well as the overloading of cargo on it.
SERANGAN PERTAMA ACEH
THE FIRST ACHEHNESE ATTACK
Apabila Melaka diambilalih oleh Portugis, pedagang-pedagang memindahkan perniagaan mereka ke Pasai, Pedir dan Acheh di sumatera Utara. Portugis yang ingin menguasai perdagangan di Selat Melaka meletakkan satu pasukan tentera laut untuk mengalihkan kapal-kapal pedagang dari Pasai ke Melaka. Pada tahun 1521, mereka telah campur tangan dalam politik Pasai dan meletakkan penyokong mereka sebagai sultan. Apabila Portugis mencuba taktik yang sama di Pedir, Acheh mengambil alih Pedir. Portugis terpaksa menyerang Acheh dan mengalami kekalahan yang teruk. Pada tahun 1523, Acheh menakluki Pasai dan mengusir Portugis dari Sumatera Utara. Pertarungan yang sengit bermula di antara Acheh dan Portugis yang mengakibatkan situasi yang tidak selamat bagi Portugis di Selat Melaka.
Serangan pertama Acheh ke atas Kota Portugis di Melaka berlaku pada tahun 1537. Sebelum itu, mereka cuba menyatukan kerajaan-kerajaan tempatan di utara Semenanjung melawan Portugis. Pada suatu malam, tiga ribu orang askar Acheh telah mengejutkan Kota Melaka. Walaupun dapat menaiki Kota A Famosa, mereka tidak dapat mengatasi askar-askar Portugis. Pada hari kedua, askar-askar Portugis lebih bersedia dan menembak kapal-kapal Acheh dan memasang pelita-pelita di sekeliling kota.
Akhirnya, orang-orang Acheh membakar dua kapal Portugis yang ada di pelabuhan dan berundur ke Kedah.
When the Portuguese captured Melaka, the traders moved their trade to Pasai, Pedir and Acheh in North Sumetera. The Portuguese wanted to control the trade along the Straits of Melaka, placed a fleet to direct a merchant ships from Pasai to Melaka. In 1521, they interfered in the politics of Pasai and made their supporter its Sultan. When they tried the same thing in Pedir, Aceh overran Pasai and chased them out. A bitter was ensued between the Achehnese and the Portuguese, making it unsafe for the latter in the Straits of Melaka.
The first time Aceh attacked the Portuguese in Melaka was in 1537. Prior to this, they had tried to unite the kings of the northern states to against the Portuguese. Three hundred Achehnese soldiers surprised Melaka at night. Although they succeeded in entering A Famosa, they were unable to overcome the Portuguese. On the second day, Portuguese were more prepared and attacked the Achehnese and lit lamps throughout the city. In the end, the Achehnese burnt two Portuguese ships anchored off the coast and retreated to Kedah.
KEDATANGAN RAHIB FRANCIS XAVIER
THE ARRIVAL OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER
Francis Xavier lahir pada 1497 di Istana Navarre, Sepanyol. Beliau menjadi salah seorang rekrut pertama menganggotai kumpulan Nabi Isa. Beliau tiba di Lisbon pada tahun 1540 untuk mengembara ke India, Asia Tenggara, Jepun dan China bagi mengembangkan mazhab Katolik.
Beliau bertolak dari Lisbon ke Mozambique dan beberapa tahun kemudian, tiba di Goa pada tahun 1542. Pada akhir bulan September 1545, beliau sampai ke Melaka. Nama Rahib Francis Xavier sudah pun terkenal di Melaka sebelum kedatangan beliau ke situ. Apabila ia tiba di Melaka, semua orang Portugis dan berketurunan Portugis berkumpul di Muara Sungai Melaka untuk menyambut kedatangannya. Dengan ini, Melaka menerima satu lagi ajaran Kristian iaitu Mazhab Katolik. Tujuan kedatangan beliau ialah untuk mengembangkan ajaran agama Katolik di Melaka. Beliau telah tinggal di hospital bersama-sama dengan pesakit. Beliau juga telah membuka sekolah Portugis pertama di Bukit St. Paul, berhampiran dengan gereja.
Beliau datang ke Melaka sebanyak lima kali di antara tahun 1545 dan 1552. Setiap kali beliau tiba di Melaka, beliau akan disambut meriah walaupun Melaka sendiri tidak menerima Mazhab Katolik seperti yang diharapkan, tetapi ia menjadi pusat perkembangan Mazhab Katolik di Nusantara ini.
Francis Xavier was born in 1497 at the Castle of Navarre, Spain. He was one of the first recruits to join the Society of Jesus. He went to Lisbon in 1540 to join the missionary to India. Southeast Asia, Japan, and China, to spread Catholic.
He left Lisbon to go to Mozambique and in 1542, reached Goa. In September 1545, he arrived in Melaka. His name was already known in Melaka even before he reached there. When he landed in Melaka, all the Portuguese and their descendants were gathered at the estuary to welcome him. He spread Catholic in Melaka and lived with the sick in the hospital. He also established the Portuguese school at St. Paul’s Hill next to the church.
Between 1545 and 1552, Xavier visited Melaka for five times. Each time he came back to Melaka, he was given a grand welcome. Even though Melaka itself did not accept Catholicism as expected, it became the centre for the spread of the religion to the region.
SERANGAN HANG NADIM
THE ADVENTURES OF HANG NADIM
Selepas kejatuhan Kota Melaka, Sultan Mahmud yang berundur dari Taboh Naning ke Ulu Muar telah menetap di Pagoh dan Bentayan dan menyerang kubu Portugis di Melaka tetapi tidak berjaya. Kemudian Sultan Mahmud dan Sultan Ahmad telah berundur ke Bentan. Sultan Ahmad dibunuh pada 1513 kerana tidak menghormati orang-orang tua dan tidak lama kemudian, Laksamana Khoja Hassan meninggal dunia dan digantikan oleh Hang Nadim. Hang Nadim adalah seorang wira Melayu yang gagah berani serta berkali-kali menyerang Melaka atau harta Portugis di mana-mana di rantau ini untuk menawan Melaka semula. Beliau mengalami kecederaan sebanyak 34 kali, tetapi semangat beliau tidak pudar walaupun percubaan Sultan sendiri sering tidak berjaya.
Hang Nadim sendiri menyerang Melaka pada tahun 1513. Beliau juga membantu Sultan Mahmud dalam serangan 1519 dan 1523 terhadap Melaka. Hang Nadim juga mengepung Melaka supaya bahan-bahan makanan tidak dapat dibawa masuk.
Walaupun berjaya mengepung Melaka, Hang Nadim tidak dapat mengatasi Kota A Famosa. Semasa Portugis menyerang Bentan dan Kopak, Hang Nadim menunjukkan kepimpinannya.
Keberanian Hang Nadim di medan perang disanjung dan balasan serangan memusnahkan perdagangan Melaka dan menyekat semangat perjuangan Portugis.
After the fall of Melaka, Sultan Mahmud who had retreated from Taboh, Naning to Ulu Muar, settled in Pagoh and Bantayan, and attacked the Portuguese in Melaka. However, he was unsuccessful in his attempts. Sultan Ahmad was killed in 1513 for being disrespectful to elders and not long after that, Khoja Hassan died and was succeeded by Hang Nadim.
Hang Nadim was a brave Malay warrior who continually attacked Portuguese-owned properties in various parts of the region in his attempt to take over Melaka. He was injured 34 times but never gives up, even though the Sultan’s efforts failed. Hang Nadim himself attacked Malacca in 1513, and assisted Sultan Mahmud when the latest attacked Malacca in 1519 and 1523. Hang Nadim laid siege on Melaka and cut off its food supplies. However, he was still not able to capture A Famosa. When the Portuguese attacked Bintan and Kopak Hang Nadim’s leadership qualities were obvious for all to see.
The Malay community lauded his bravery on the battlefield at that time. Attacks and counter attacks destroyed the trade of Melaka and dampened the Portuguese spirit for fighting.
PEPERANGAN DI BERTAM ULU
THE WAR IN BERTAM ULU
Bertam Ulu ialah tempat permulaan kerajaan Melayu Melaka dimana Parameswara tinggal di sini sebelum pembukaan Melaka. Di sinilah Sultan Ahmad berundur selepas Portugis menawan Kota Melaka. Pada awalnya, baginda yakin Albuquerque akan balik selepas merampas kekayaan Kota Melaka sebelum musim angin berubah. Apabila Albuquerque mendengar Sultan Ahmad membuat kubu-kubu di Bertam Ulu dan Sultan Mahmud berada di Taboh Naning, beliau menghantar sebuah pasukan untuk menyerang Sultan Ahmad pada penghujung bulan September 1511. Pertempuran berlaku di antara orang-orang Melayu dan askar-askar Portugis. Askar-askar Portugis yang bersenjata lengkap dapat mengalahkan pasukan Sultan Ahmad dan orang-orangnya berundur ke Taboh Naning. Portugis pula balik ke Melaka selepas membakar kubu pertahanan Sultan Ahmad.
Bertam Ulu yang menjadi tempat permulaan Kerajaan Melaka juga menjadi tempat penamat kerajaan tersebut.
Bertam Ulu was where the Melaka Malay Kingdom begins. Parameswara staying here before he founded Melaka. Sultan Ahmad retreated here after the Portuguese captured Melaka. At first, the Sultan thought that Albuquerque would return home with Melaka wealth when the winds changed. When Albuquerque heard that Sultan Ahmad was building blockades in Bertam Ulu and that Sultan Mahmud was in Taboh Naning, In September 1511, he sent his troops to attack Sultan Ahmad. Fighting broke out between the Malays and Portuguese. The Portuguese who were better equipped defeated the ill-prepared Sultan Ahmad and his men, forcing them to retreat to Taboh Naning. The Portuguese returned to Melaka after the first burning Sultan Ahmad’s stockade.
Bertam Ulu, which was the Melaka Malay Government started, was also where it ended.
TUN MUTAHIR
TUN MUTAHIR
Temenggong Tun Mutahir menggantikan Tun Perak pada tahun 1498 di zaman pemerintahan Sultan Mahmud Syah. Beliau adalah sepupu kepada Tun Perak. Gelarannya ialah Bendahara Seri Maharaja. Beliau merupakan Bendahara yang paling kaya dan amat berkuasa antara Bendahara-Bendahara Melaka. Pada tahun 1509, Melaka menyaksikan kedatangan angkatan ekspidisi perdagangan Diraja Portugis pertama di bawah pimpinan Diego Lopez de Sequiera. Orang-orang Melayu menggelar mereka ‘Benggali Putih’. Pergaduhan telah berlaku dengan orang-orang Melayu tempatan menyebabkan kebanyakan orang-orang Portugis meninggalkan Melaka kecuali dua puluh orang Portugis yang tertinggal di Melaka. Amalan ‘nepotisme’ dalam pentadbiran kerajaan Tun Mutahir tidak menyenangkan sesetengah pihak.
Pada tahun 1510, Sultan Mahmud Syah menghukum bunuh Tun Mutahir dan seluruh keluarganya atas tuduhan berkomplot untuk membunuh Sultan dan menggulingkan baginda. Adalah dipercayai bahawa Melaka tidak akan dijajah kuasa asing sekiranya beliau masih hidup.
Temenggong (Home Minister) Tun Mutahir succeeded Tun Perak as Melaka’s Bendahara (Prime Minister) in 1948 during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Syah. He was Tun Perak’s cousin. His title was Bendahara Seri Maharaja. He became the greatest and the most powerful of all Bendahara. He was a good businessman, honest, good at heart and very wealthy. In 1509, Melaka saw the arrival of the first Royal Portuguese trading expedition consisting of eighteen ships under the leadership of Diego Lopez de Sequiera. The Malays called the Portuguese ‘Benggali Putih’ (White Sikh). A misunderstanding occurred with the local Malays and most of the Portuguese leaving but twenty people left behind. The practice of nepotism in his administration did not please some people.
In 1510, Sultan Mahmud ordered Tun Mutahir and his entire family killed for allegedly plotting to assassinate the Sultan and to overthrow him. It is believed that foreigners would not have colonized Melaka if Tun Mutahir were still alive.
PERKAHWINAN TUN FATIMAH – TUN ALI
THE WEDDING OF TUN FATIMAH AND TUN ALI
Tun Fatimah, anak perempuan kepada Bendahara Tun Mutahir, ialah seorang yang sangat cantik. Beliau dijodohkan dengan Tun Ali, anak saudara Tun Mutahir. Sebelum pernikahan itu dilangsungkan, Raja di Baroh selalu mengunjungi kediaman Tun Mutahir. Apabila beliau melihat kecantikan Tun Fatimah, beliau telah mengugut Tun Mutahir agar perkahwinan itu dihentikan. Sebelum ini, Tun Teja telah pun mangkat dan mengikut adat, anak Benadahara akan menjadi raja perempuan. Akan tetapi, Tun Mutahir enggan menerima nasihat Raja di Baroh dan meneruskan juga perkahwinan anaknya. Sultan Mahmud dijemput menghadiri upacara pernikahan Tun Fatimah dengan Tun Ali. Baginda berangkat ke rumah Tun Mutahir pada hari perlangsungan perkahwinan itu. Apabila Sultan melihat kecantikan Tun Fatimah, Baginda berasa sakit hati dengan perbuatan Tun Mutahir. Setelah upacara perlangsungan perkahwinan tamat, baginda berangkat pulang tanpa bersantap. Peristiwa ini manimbulkan rasa dendam di dalam hati Sultan Mahmud terhadap Tun Mutahir. Perasaan ini akhirnya membawa kepada pembunuhan Tun Mutahir.
Tun Fatimah, the daughter of Prime Minister Tun Mutahir, was a beautiful maiden. She was betrothed to Tun Ali, a nephew of Tun Mutahir. Before the wedding, the chief of Baroh visited Tun Mutahir’s house. When he saw Tun Fatimah’s beauty, he advised Tun Mutahir to cancel the wedding. Tun Ali reminded him that as Tun Teja had died, according to custom, the daughter of the Prime Minister should become the Queen. Tun Mutahir refused to take his advice and proceeded the wedding. The Sultan attended the wedding ceremony and arrived at Tun Mutahir’s house on the last day of the festivities. When he saw Tun Fatimah’s beauty, he became annoyed with Tun Mutahir. He returned to his palace without eating. The incident caused Sultan Mahmud to resent Tun Mutahir and in the end, this resentment caused Tun Mutahir’s death.
SULTAN MAHMUD SYAH (1481-1511)
SULTAN MAHMUD SYAH (1481-1511)
Raja Muhammad telah menaiki takhta berikutan kemangkatan ayahandanya, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah dan digelar sebagai Sultan Mahmud Syah. Tun Perak adalah Bendahara Melaka pada sebahagian daripada pemerintahannya. Tun Perak meninggal dunia pada tahun 1498 dan digantikan oleh Tun Mutahir sebagai Bendahara. Pada tahun 1510, Sultan Mahmud Syah menghukum bunuh Tun Mutahir sekeluarga kerana dituduh berkomplot hendak membunuh Baginda Sultan. Pada 24 Julai 1511, Sultan Mahmud Syah diusir keluar oleh Portugis yang menyerang Melaka. Baginda berundur ke Johor, Pahang dan Bentan di Sumatera. Pada tahun 1526, Baginda diusir dari Bentan oleh Portugis. Baginda berundur ke Kampar dan akhirnya mangkat di Kampar pada tahun 1530.
Raja Muhammad succeeded his father, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah and became known as Sultan Mahmud Syah. During part of his reign Tun Perak was the Bendahara (Prime Minister). When Tun Perak died in 1498, Bendahara Tun Mutahir took office. In 1510, Sultan Mahmud Syah ordered the murder of Tun Mutahir and his entire family on the charge of plotting to assassinate the Sultan. On 24th July 1511, the Portuguese who invaded Melaka expelled Sultan Mahmud Syah and he moved to Kampar, Sumatera. In 1526, he was driven out of Kopak, Kampar to Johore by the Portuguese. He died in Kampar in 1530.
PEMBUNUHAN BENDAHARA TUN MUTAHIR
THE MURDER OF PRIME MINISTER TUN MUTAHIR
Bendahara Seri Maharaja ialah salah seorang daripada dua Bendahara yang banyak menyumbang jasa kepada Negeri Melaka sehingga ia mencapai status satu empayar yang disegani. Ketika itu, Melaka terkenal dengan jolokan pisang jarum, air Bukit China dan Bendahara Seri Maharaja. Hanya Sultan Mahmud sahaja mendendami Tun Mutahir kerana tidak mengahwinkan Tun Fatimah dengannya.
Raja Mendeliar ialah seorang saudagar kaya dari India Selatan dan Kitul telah berhutang dengannya. Bendahara Tun Mutahir pula sedang membicarakan satu dakwaan antara Raja Mendeliar dan Nina Sura Dewana. Oleh kerana dia mempercayai kata-kata Kitul, Raja Mendeliar khuatir yang beliau akan kalah dalam dakwaan itu. Beliau bertemu dengan Laksamana Khoja Hassan dan memfitnah bahawa Tun Mutahir hendak menggulingkan Sultan Mahmud dan memegang takhta Kerajaan Melaka. Laksamana Khoja Hassan mengadap Sultan dan menyampaikan kata-kata Raja Mendeliar. Sultan Mahmud mengambil kesempatan ini untuk membalas dendam dan mengarahkan supaya Tun Mutahir serta keluarganya dibunuh.
Apabila pesuruh-pesuruh Sultan sampai ke rumah Bendahara dan menyampaikan titah Sultan, orang-orang kampung Bendahara hendak menentang mereka. Tun Mutahir menasihatkan mereka supaya jangan menderhaka dan beliau sanggup dibunuh. Semua anggota keluarga Tun Mutahir termasuk adik-beradiknya turut dibunuh kecuali Tun Fatimah dan adiknya. Tun Fatimah dibawa ke istana dan Sultan mengahwininya. Selepas itu baru Sultan Mahmud sedar bahawa Tun Mutahir telah difitnah. Raja Mendeliar dan Kitul serta keluarga mereka telah dihukum bunuh manakala Laksamana Khoja Hassan diampunkan. Pembunuhan Tun Mutahir telah memecah-belahkan masyarakat Melaka. Seorang Kapten Portugis memberi sanjungan kepada Tun Mutahir : “Pada bicara kita, tidak akan kalah Melaka jikalau ada lagi Bendahara Seri Maharaja. Betapa besar pun angkatan yang menyerang Melaka, tidak akan kalah...”
Prime Minister Seri Maharaja Tun Mutahir was one of the two Prime Ministers who contributed much in making Melaka as a great empire of all. At that time, Melaka was famous for its bananas, water from Bukit China and Prime Minister Seri Maharaja. It was only Sultan Mahmud who resented him for not marrying Tun Fatimah to him.
Raja Mendeliar was a rich merchant from South India and Kitul was indebted to him. Prime Minister Tun Mutahir was presiding over a case involving Raja Mendeliar and Nina Sura Dewana. Believing Kitul, Raja Mendeliar thought he would lose the case. He went to met Admiral Khoja Hassan and lied that Tun Mutahir was going to overthrow Sultan Mahmud and take over the Melaka Sultanate. Admiral Khoja Hassan passed the information to the Sultan. The Sultan took the opportunity to get his revenge by ordering that Tun Mutahir and his family be killed.
When the Sultan’s men arrived at the home of the Prime Minister and informed him about the matter, the villagers came to oppose them. However, Tun Mutahir advised them not to commit traitorous and he was ready to die. All the family members except Tun Fatimah and her younger sister were killed. Tun Fatimah was taken to the palace where the Sultan married her. It was only later that Sultan Mahmud realized that Tun Mutahir had been framed. Raja Mendeliar, Kitul and their families were sentenced to death. The Admiral was pardoned.
The killing of Tun Mutahir split the Melaka society. A Portuguese Captain paid a tribute to him: “In our opinion, Melaka would not have fallen if Prime Minister Seri Maharaja was still alive, no matter how strong the attacking force.”
TUN FATIMAH – SRIKANDI MELAYU
TUN FATIMAH – A MALAY HEROINE
Kemusnahan keluarga Tun Mutahir oleh Sultan Mahmud Syah yang kejam tidak melemahkan semangat berjuang puterinya, Tun Fatimah. Sungguhpun dipaksa menjadi permaisuri Sultan, beliau telah memberi sepenuh perhatian dan taat setia kepada Sultan. Percubaan Armada Portugis hendak menawan Melaka telah ditentang dengan hebatnya oleh Tun Fatimah bersama-sama wirawati-wirawati semasa melawan ‘Benggali Putih’, iaitu gelaran yang diberi oleh orang-orang tempatan kepada orang-orang Portugis. Atas keberaniannya, dia dianugerahkan penghormatan SRIKANDI MELAYU yang menjadikannya lambang kepada wanita Melayu amnya, untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan dari penjajahan Barat.
The destruction of Bendahara Tun Mutahir’s family by the tyrannical Sultan Mahmud Syah did not faze the fighting spirit in his daughter, Tun Fatimah. Although she had to be the Sultan’s consort, she gave her full attention and total loyalty to the Sultan. An attempt by the Portuguese Armada to conquer Melaka was vehemently opposed. Tun Fatimah, together with other women warriors of the day, fought the ‘Benggali Putih’ (white Sikh), as the Portuguese were locally known. Tun Fatimah’s bravery earn her the title SRIKANDI MELAYU (Malay Heroine) and made her device among Malay women, in general, to gain independence from Western Colonisation.
PEMBEDILAN PORTUGIS DARI LAUT
THE PORTUGUESE ATTACK FROM THE SEA
Percubaan Sequiera untuk mengadakan perhubungan dengan Melaka berakhir dengan pergaduhan dan pengunduran Sequiera ke Lisbon dan penangkapan 18 orang Portugis. Berdasarkan laporan Sequiera, Raja Portugal menghantar satu angkatan laut untuk menyerang Melaka pada tahun 1510 tetapi ia ditahan di Goa. Akhirnya, pada 2 Mei 1511, Albuquerque telah bertolak dari Cochin, bersama satu angkatan laut yang mengandungi 19 buah kapal dan 1400 orang askar. Mereka tiba di Melaka pada 1 julai 1511.
Sebaik sahaja tiba di pelabuhan Melaka, kapal-kapal Portugis membunyikan terompet dan melepaskan tembakan meriam ke arah Kota Melaka. Kebetulan pula, ketibaan Albuquerqe dan angkatannya di Melaka jatuh pada hari upacara pernikahan anak perempuan Sultan Mahmud dengan Raja Pahang. Pembedilan kapal-kapal Portugis bukan sahaja menganggu perarakan majlis perkahwinan tetapi juga menyebabkan rasa cemas di kalangan orang ramai. Kota Melaka tidak bersedia untuk menghadapi serangan seumpama itu ketika Portugis datang ke Melaka. Pembedilan ini juga membuktikan bahawa mereka tidak datang secara damai.
Sequiera’s efforts to establish relation with Melaka ended up with his retreat to Lisbon and the capture of 18 persons of Portuguese soldiers. Based on his reports, the King of Portugal sent a fleet to attack Melaka in 1510, but it was detained in Goa. Finally, on 2nd May 1511, Albuquerque left Cochin, taking with him a fleet of 19 ships and 1400 soldiers and arrived in Melaka on 1st July 1511. As soon as they arrived in Melaka, the Portuguese ships blew their trumpets and fired on Melaka. Albuquerqe’s arrival had coincided with the wedding of Sultan Mahmud’s daughter to the Raja of Pahang. The cannons fired by the Portuguese disrupted the wedding and caused panic among the people.
Melaka was not prepared to face such an attack, which proved that the Portuguese did not come in peace.
KEMARAHAN PADERI FRANCIS XAVIER KEPADA GABENOR PORTUGIS
ST. FRANCIS XAVIER’S ANGER WITH THE PORTUGUESE GOVERNOR
Walaupun Portugis menakluki Melaka pada tahun 1511 dengan semangat Perang Salib, mereka tidak dapat mengembangkan agama Kristian mazhab Katolik di Melaka atau di Nusantara ini. Pada tahun 1545, seorang paderi bernama Francis Xavier datang ke Melaka dengan tujuan hendak mengembangkan mazhab Katolik bukan sahaja di Melaka tetapi juga di Nusantara ini. Di Melaka beliau menarik perhatian ramai dan sering kali melawat ke persekitaran Asia Tenggara dan Negara-negara di Laut China.
Pada tahun 1553, beliau hendak ke Negeri China untuk meneruskan kegiatannya dan meminta sebuah kapal dari Gabenor Portugis di Melaka, Dom Alvaro untuk pelayarannya, tetapi gabenor itu enggan membantu Paderi Francis dalam usahanya itu. Akhirnya Paderi Francis mendapat kapal yang dipohon untuk ke Negeri China tetapi bukan secara rasmi. Disebabkan air surut, beliau terpaksa berjalan dalam lumpur untuk menaiki sebuah perahu ke kapal Santa Cruz. Sebelum menaiki perahunya Paderi Francis menyumpah Gabenor Portugis.
Inilah kali terakhir Paderi Francis Xavier meninggalkan Kota Melaka kerana beliau telah meninggal dunia di Pulau Sancian. Kemudian Gabenor Portugis itu meninggal dunia akibat jangkitan penyakit kusta.
Although the Portuguese conquered Melaka in 1511 with the spirit of the crusaders, they could not spread Catholicism in Melaka or in the archipelago. In 1545, a priest named Francis Xavier arrived in Melaka, intending to spread Catholicism not just Melaka, but also throughout the region. In Melaka, he attracted a lot of attention and frequently visited other parts of Southeast Asia and South China Sea.
In 1553, he wanted to visit China to continue his work there, and made an official request to the Portuguese governor, Dom Alvaro, for a ship. However, the governor was uncooperative. In the end, Francis Xavier was allowed to board the ship, Santa Cruz, but in an unofficial capacity. Because of the low tide, he had to wade through the mud to reach the boat that would take him to the ship. On reaching the bedrock before boarding the boat, he cursed the Governor.
This was the last time he left Melaka because soon after, he died in Sancian Island. The Portuguese Governor later died of leprosy.
PEPERANGAN NANING-PORTUGIS
THE NANING-PORTUGUESE WAR
Naning adalah satu perkampungan yang wujud sebelum kedatangan Parameswara. Pada zaman Kesultanan Melaka, ia berada dibawah taklukan Raja Johor. Orang-orang Naning berjiwa bebas dan mempunyai ketua yang dipilih di antara mereka sendiri sejak zaman silam lagi. Sultan Mahmud telah berada di Taboh Naning setelah ditawan oleh Portugis. Peranan Naning tidak disebut dalam naskah-naskah sejarah pada Zaman Kesultanan Melaka di antara tahun 1512-1586 dalam era Portugis. Ia hanya terbit pada tahun 1586, apabila penduduk-penduduk Naning menyertai serangan Sultan Johor ke atas Portugis di Kota Melaka. Mereka menyerang dari kawasan pedalaman dan memusnahkan ladang-ladang Portugis yang membekalkan makanan ke Kota Portugis.
Portugis ingin membalas serangan orang-orang Naning dan menghantar satu pasukan seramai 700 orang askar di bawah Kapten Diego de Azambuja untuk menyerang Naning. Ramai penduduk Naning terkorban di dalam pertempuran di antara askar Portugis dan orang-orang Naning. Akhirnya, Naning tewas dan askar-askar Portugis telah membakar rumah-rumah, menebang pokok-pokok dan memusnahkan sawah padi Naning.
Naning was a village, which existed long before the arrival of Parameswara. During the era of the Sultanate, it came under the Melaka Sultan. When the Melaka Sultan moved to Johore, they close to be the subjects of the Sultan of Johore. The people of Naning valued their freedom and always had leaders who were elected from among them. Sultan Mahmud stayed in Taboh, Naning after his defeat by the Portuguese.
The role of Naning was not included in history books during the Melaka Sultanate nor was it mentioned between the years 1512-1586 during the Portuguese era. It was only appeared in 1586 when the people of Naning sided with the Sultan of Johore against the Portuguese in Melaka. They attacked from the interior, destroying the orchards of the Portuguese, which supplied food to the fortress.
The Portuguese intending to fight back the attack sent an army of 700 soldiers under Captain Diego de Azambuja to attack Naning. Many of the people of Naning were killed in the ensuing battle. In the end, Naning was defeated and the Portuguese soldiers burnt their bones, cut down the trees and destroyed the paddy fields before returning to Melaka.
JOHOR-JAPARA MENYERANG MELAKA
THE JOHORE-JAPARA ATTACK ON MELAKA
Tahun 1551 ialah tahun yang paling merumitkan untuk kedudukan Portugis dalam 40 tahun mereka menguasai Kota Melaka. Dalam usaha menguasai perdagangan di Nusantara ini, Portugis mengganggu kapal-kapal negara asing yang mereka temui di rantau ini. Kegiatan seperti ini telah menambah bilangan musuh terhadap Portugis. Pada tahun 1551, Sultan Johor iaitu Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah, anakanda Sultan Mahmud Syah mengumpulkan askar-askar Perak dan Pahang untuk menyerang Kota Melaka. Ratu Japara juga mengambil bahagian dalam serangan ini. Japara ialah satu kuasa yang bangun selepas kejatuhan Majapahit di Jawa Tengah. Apabila kapal-kapal dagangan Japara dirampas oleh Portugis, Japara menghantar askar-askarnya untuk menyerang Kota Portugis. Pada bulan Jun 1551, angkatan gabungan ini menyerang Melaka dengan 200 buah perahu dan 5000 orang askar. Mereka menawan persekitaran Bandar Melaka lalu menyerang Kota A Famosa. Seramai 800 orang askar bersekutu mara dalam serangan A Famosa dan beberapa askar Portugis turut terbunuh. Memandangkan sukar untuk mengatasi Kota A Famosa, mereka mengepung A Famosa dan tidak membenarkan sebarang makanan masuk ke situ selama tiga bulan. Johor, Perak dan Pahang meninggalkan medan perang apabila mendengar angkatan Portugis hendak menyerang negeri-negeri mereka. Hanya Japara sahaja yang meneruskan kepungan itu tetapi telah dikalahkan oleh Portugis.
The year 1551 saw the most serious problems faced by the Portuguese in the 40 years they had ruled Melaka. In their effort to control the trade in the Archipelago, the Portuguese disturbed foreign ships, which they encountered in the region. This only increased the animosity against them.
In 1551, the Sultan of Johore, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah the son of Sultan Mahmud Syah, gathered together soldiers from Perak and Pahang to attack Melaka. The Queen of Japara also participated in this attack. Japara was a Muslim nation that rose after the fall of Majapahit in Central Java. When the Portuguese also looted the ships of Japara, Japara sent its forces to attack the Portuguese fortress.
In June 1551, the joint forces invaded Melaka with 200 boats and 5000 men. They captured the suburbs of Melaka and attacked A Famosa. 800 of their soldiers were killed, as were some Portuguese soldiers. Finding it difficult to take A Famosa, they surrounded it and cut off the food supply for three months. Johore, Perak and Pahang gave up on the war when they heard that the Portuguese were going to attack their states. Only Japara continued with the war but was defeated by the Portuguese.
PEMBINAAN GEREJA DI BUKIT MELAKA
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHURCH ON MALACCA'S HILL
Kota A Famosa yang dibina oleh Albuquerqe mengandungi sebuah gereja kecil untuk menampung keperluan askar-askar Portugis. Pada tahun 1521, seorang Kapten iaitu Duarto Coelho telah membina sebuah gereja kecil di puncak Bukit Melaka (sekarang Bukit St. Paul). Gereja ini dijadikan sasaran serangan-serangan terhadap Portugis di Kota A Famosa kerana ketinggiannya memudahkan penyerang menembak sasarannya. Serangan Johor pada tahun 1550-1551 ialah serangan yang paling dahsyat yang dihadapi oleh Portugis, dan mengambil keputusan untuk membina ‘benteng kota’ mengelilingi Kota Melaka. Semasa pembinaan benteng kota dijalankan, pihak gereja juga ingin membesarkan Gereja Madre de Deus (Gereja .. Nabi Isa) kerana kerosakan teruk yang telah dialami di situ. Kerja-kerja membesarkan gereja bermula pada tahun 1556. Sebahagian dinding gereja dikekalkan. Dinding lama bahagian belakang dan stor telah dipecahkan. Bahagian timur dan selatan dibesarkan dan ditinggikan. Bahagian selatan mengandungi dua tingkat yang menjadi kediaman serta kubu kota semasa peperangan. Kerja-kerja pembinan mengambil masa lebih daripada 12 tahun.
Gereja ini dibina dengan blok-blok batu lada dan plaster kapur. Ianya diambil dari Pulau Upeh dan dibawa ke kemuncak bukit untuk diguna. Kerja-kerja ini dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang ditawan. Pengepungan bukit dan kubu pertahanan gereja ini menguatkan kedudukan Kota Portugis sehingga ke tahun 1641.
A Famosa which was built by Albuquerque had a chapel to serve the Portuguese soldiers. In 1521, a captain Duerto Coelho built a chapel on top of Melaka's Hill (now St. Paul's Hill). This chapel was also used in the attacks against the Portuguese in A Famosa, because its location enabled the attackers to fire at their targets. Johore’s attack in 1550-1551 did the Portuguese face the worst, and they decided to build a fortress around the hill.
While the wall was being built, the church authorities decided to enlarge the Madre de Deus Church because of the extent of damage it had. Work began in 1556. A section of the church wall was retained. The old wall and a storeroom were demolished. The east and south sides were enlarged. The south side contained two levels of house living quarters and a fort against attacks. Construction work took more than 12 years. The church was built with literate blocks and lime plaster obtained from a quarry in Upeh Island. Prisoners did the work. The fortress and the extended church further strengthened the position of the Portuguese in Melaka.
KEPUNGAN KOTA MELAKA
THE SIEGE ON THE FORT
Setelah gagal mengalahkan Portugis dalam serangan pada tahun 1606, gabungan pasukan Belanda-Johor mengambil keputusan untuk mengepung Kota Portugis dan menghalang kemasukan bahan makanan. Orang-orang Johor mengawal laluan sungai dan pedalaman, manakala Belanda pula mengawal laluan laut.
Dalam pada itu, Belanda telah mendirikan dua tembok benteng yang boleh meletakkan beberapa meriam bertentangan dengan kubu kota timur (di kawasan Kampung Pantai) dan membedil Kota Portugis. Tembakan dari meriam-meriam ini memusnahkan hospital, menyebabkan kerosakan teruk pada gereja di atas bukit, beberapa bangunan dalam kota serta memecahkan benteng kota. Pihak Belanda menghantar berita kepada askar-askar pertahanan Portugis untuk menyerah diri. Balasan tembakan Portugis memusnahkan kediaman-kediaman di seberang Sungai Melaka.
Musim hujan bermula, diikuti dengan banjir yang menyebabkan kawasan-kawasan rendah tempat Belanda berkhemah menjadi lumpur. Wabak malaria pula merebak di kalangan askar-askar Belanda dan Portugis. Lebih ramai yang mati akibat penyakit ini daripada perperangan. Dua kapten pasukan Belanda mati kerananya. Semangat perjuangan Belanda dan Portugis menurun ke tahap yang sangat rendah.
After failed to defeat the Portuguese in their first attempt in 1606, the joint forces of the Dutch and Johore decided to surround the Portuguese fortress and blocked out its food supply. The Johoreans guarded the river and the interiors while the Dutch guarded the sea routes.
In the meantime, the Dutch erected two batteries that could accommodate several cannons opposite the eastern fort wall (near Kampung Pantai), and attacked the fort. These attacks destroyed the hospital, damaged the church on top of the hill, and many other buildings within the fortress, and the fort walls. The Dutch also sent messages to the Portuguese soldiers to surrender: the Portuguese replied with their cannons, which destroyed all the houses on the other side of the Melaka River.
The monsoon season began, followed by floods, which caused the low-lying areas where the Dutch were camped to become muddy. A malaria epidemic spread among the Dutch and Portuguese soldiers. Many people died because of the disease than the war itself. This included two Dutch captains. The morale of the Dutch and the Portuguese dipped very low.
KEMELESETAN PERDAGANGAN DI PELABUHAN MELAKA
THE DECLINE IN TRADING AT MELAKA
Portugis menakluki Melaka kerana ia adalah satu kuasa yang terbesar di Nusantara ini juga satu pusat perdagangan yang terunggul. Dengan adanya Melaka di bawah pemerintahan mereka, Portugis berpendapat ia dapat menguasai perdagangan di Nusantara ini sambil menyebarkan agama Kristian Katolik. Kedua-dua rancangan mereka ini tidak berhasil sepertimana yang diharapkan. Perdagangan Islam telah berpindah ke Acheh, Pasai, Pedir dan Brunei. Pedagang-pedagang yang datang dari selatan pula telah memilih untuk ke Johor dan Batavia dari pergi ke Melaka. Usaha kapal-kapal perang Portugis memaksa kapal-kapal pedagang pergi ke Melaka juga tidak berhasil. Portugis kemudian mengenakan cukai yang tinggi dan harga yang murah kepada pedagang-pedagang yang tiba di Melaka. Politik Portugis di Lisbon juga membawa keburukan kepada Melaka. Kota Melaka sering diserang oleh keturunan Sultan Melaka, Acheh dan lain-lain kuasa. Kemudian, Belanda muncul dan menyekat pergerakan kapal-kapal Portugis. Kombinasi sebab-sebab ini telah merosotkan lagi kegiatan perdagangan di Melaka pada zaman Portugis. Melaka tidak lagi mencapai tahap perdagangan di Zaman Kesultanan Melaka.
The Portuguese took over Melaka, as it was a major Islamic force in the Archipelago and the main trade centre. With Melaka in their power, the Portuguese thought they could control the trade in the Archipelago as well as spread the Catholic faith. Their plans did not succeed as expected.
Although in the beginning the Portuguese adopted the Melaka Malay Sultanate’s systems, they could not attract the Muslim merchants to Melaka because of their violence towards Islam and the Muslims. Muslim trade moved to Acheh, Pasai, Pedir and Brunei. Traders from the south preferred to go to Johore and Batavia, avoiding Melaka. By using Portuguese warships to force them to go to Melaka also proved futile.
The Portuguese also imposed high taxes and cheap prices on the traders who went to Melaka. Portugal’s policies in Lisbon also brought bad tidings for Melaka. The descendants of the Sultan of Melaka, as well as by Acheh and other powers attacked it. Later, the Dutch arrived and blocked the movements of the Portuguese ships. The combination of these factors caused the decline in trading activities during the Portuguese period. Melaka never again regained the trading status it enjoyed during the Melaka Sultanate.
KEBIADAPAN SEQUIERA TERHADAP BENDAHARA
THE INSOLENCE OF SEQUIERA TOWARDS THE PRIME MINISTER
Telah menjadi adat atau cara kebiasaan bagi para pedagang atau utusan yang baru tiba di Melaka akan membuat kunjungan pernghormatan terhadap Sultan. Sebelum kunjungan tersebut diatur, mereka akan mengunjungi Bendahara sebagai tanda hormat untuk memberitahu kedatangan dan tujuan mereka. Kunjungan ini juga membolehkan Bendahara mengumpul segala maklumat tentang pedagang ini untuk disampaikan kepada Sultan. Sequiera yang tiba di Kota Melaka juga mengikuti kebiasaan ini dan mengunjungi Bendahara Tun Mutahir. Sequiera merupakan orang Eropah yang pertama menjejakkan kaki di Melaka, dan lawatannya melahirkan perasaan ingin tahu di kalangan orang tempatan yang ingin tahu tentang orang yang ‘berlainan’ ini. Tun Mutahir menyambut baik ketibaan Sequiera dan memberi sepasang persalinan kepadanya. Sequiera pula membalas dengan memberikan hadiah kepada Bendahara tetapi tidak dengan cara yang mengikut adat istiadat tempatan. Dengan menggunakan tangan kirinya, beliau memakaikan sekalung rantai emas ke leher Bendahara, seolah-olah Bendahara tidak setaraf dengannya. Apabila mereka melihat perbuatan Sequiera, pengawal-pengawal Tun Mutahir mahu mengasari Sequiera. Tetapi di halang oleh Bendahara dengan nasihat, “jangan diturut, kerana ia seorang yang tidak tahu bahasa”.
Nyata, Sequiera tidak berjaya untuk mewujudkan satu suasana yang baik dengan Bendahara. Sikap seperti ini menimbulkan perasaan marah di kalangan rakyat Melaka terhadap Portugis.
It was customary for traders or emissaries who had just arrived in Melaka to make a courtesy call on the Sultan. Before this meeting was arranged, they would first have to meet the Prime Minister to respectfully inform him of their arrival and intention. The meeting would also enable the Prime Minister to get more information to pass on to Sultan. When Sequiera arrived in Melaka. He was too paid the Prime Minister a visit.
Sequiera’s arrival marked the first time a European had stepped foot in Melaka, and as such they was much curiosity about these foreigners. Tun Mutahir welcomed him well and presented him with a gift of clothes. Sequiera responded with his own gifts but not in the respectful manner, as was the norm. Using his left hand, he placed a gold necklace around the Prime Minister’s neck, as if indicating that the Prime Minister was of lower status than him. On seeing this, Tun Mutahir’s officers wanted to teach him a lesson, but were stopped by the Prime Minister who told them “Do not follow the example of those who do not know decorum”. It was clear that Sequiera was not able to establish a cordial relationship with the Prime Minister. His behavior created animosity among the local towards the Portuguese.
