MUZIUM ISTANA KESULTANAN MELAKA / MELAKA SULTANATE PALACE MUSEUM

INSTITUSI KESULTANAN MELAYU

Kesultanan Melayu Melaka menjadi sebuah empayar yang gilang-gemilang pada kurun ke-15 sehingga awal kurun ke-16. Kecemerlangan dan kewibawaan sistem pemerintahan Kesultanan Melaka telah menjadikan Melaka sebuah bandar pelabuhan yang sibuk di Asia Tenggara dan dikenali oleh pedagang-pedagang dari timur dan barat. Jajahan takluk Melaka yang meliputi hampir keseluruhan Kepulauan Melayu telah meletakkan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka sebagai induk pergerakan sosiobudaya, politik dan ekonomi pada ketika itu. Peranan Melaka sebagai pusat penyebaran Islam yang terpenting di Asia Tenggara juga mempunyai kaitan yang rapat dengan pengislaman Sultan Melaka dan institusi kesultanan itu sendiri.

Berdasarkan pada penulisan dan dokumen-dokumen asal yang masih terpelihara sehingga kini, Kerajaan Kesultanan Melayu sistem Melaka mempunyai pemerintahan beraja yang ideal. Selain dari peraturan adat istiadat yang begitu kukuh diamalkan dalam pembentukan budaya hidup masyarakat, terdapat juga untuk bertulis undang-undang mengawal kesejahteraan umum dalam negeri. Hakikat ini dapat dilihat di dalam contohnya Hukum Kanun Melaka Undang-undang Laut Melaka.

Susunan gelaran dan peranan orang-orang besar seperti Bendahara, Temenggung, Penghulu Bendahari, Laksamana dan Syahbandar terus digunakan di Tanah Melayu hingga beberapa lama selepas itu sehinggalah menjelang kedatangan kuasa Inggeris dalam kurun ke-19. Kesultanan Melaka juga telah mengasaskan pembentukan sistem budaya dan adat-istiadat Melayu seperti konsep daulat dan derhaka, menjunjung duli, protokol dalam istana, bahasa istana, penganugerahan gelaran, cara berpakaian, konsep taat setia kepada raja dan negeri dan sebagainya yang kebanyakannya masih kukuh dan diamalkan sehingga kini.

Kedaulatan Sultan Melaka masih terus terpelihara dan dibawa ke lain negeri-negeri walaupun Melaka ditakluk oleh Portugis pada tahun 1511. Kebiasaannya setiap pelantikan seseorang Sultan itu akan dikesan, berdasarkan diberikan pengiktirafan yang kepadanya untuk dinobatkan sebagai Sultan yang sah bagi negeri yang berkenaan sekiranya pertalian darah mempunyai dengan Melaka atau warisnya.

THE INSTITUTION OF THE MALAY SULTANATE

The arrival of Islam to Melaka and other parts of the Malay Archipelago changed the political and socio-administrative systems of local state entities. The system of Raja kings of the early Hindu-Buddhist influence in the archipelago changed to the concept and system of monarchy according to Islam. The king during the Melaka Sultanate was called the Sultan, the Head of both State and Government who carried out the laws and administration; upholding justice and defending the realm of the people. The Sultan also became the protector of religion and customs of his state.

1400 - 1424

PARAMESWARA / ISKANDAR SYAH

A son of the King of Palembang and an heir of the Srivijaya Empire

Retreated to Temasik after a conflict of power struggles with the Majapahit Empire

He was forced to leave after killing Temagi, the Siamese representative in Temasik

Parameswara retreated to Muar and later established Malacca

Converted to Islam through a Muslim scholar from Jeddah in 1414

Changed his name to Megat Iskandar Syah

Married to the Princess of Pasai

Raised Melaka to become a port city attracting traders from Arabia, Persia, India and China apart from the rest of the Malay Archipelago

1424 -1444

SULTAN MUHAMMAD SYAH /SERI MAHARAJA

Also known by the name Raja Kecil Besar

When young, he was taught the syahadah (Islamic affirmation of faith) and was circumcised in his dreams

His Majesty was a pious man and adhered strongly to Islamic teachings

Sired two sons, Raja Kasim and Raja Ibrahim

1444 - 1446

SRI PARAMESWARA DEWA SYAH

The son of Sultan Muhammad Syah from marriage to the Princess of Rokan

His real name is Raja Ibrahim younger brother of Raja Kasim

Reigned for a short period (only 1 year and 5 months)

Installed as the Sultan at a young age

Assassinated by the King of Rokan in a conflict of power struggle for the throne with his brother Raja Kasim

1446 -1456

SULTAN MUZAFFAR SYAH

The son of Sultan Muhammad Syah

His real name is Raja Kassim

Known as a Sultan with the people at heart

Succeeded in expanding Melaka’s power and jurisdiction to encompass Sungai Ujung, Jugra, Kelang, Jeram, Muar, Batu Pahat, Singapore and Pahang in the Malay Peninsula

Also succeeded in conquering Inderagiri, Kampar and Jambi on the eastern side of Sumatera

Melaka rose to become a centre of the spread of Islam under his reign

His Majesty greatly encouraged Islamic preachers (mubaligh) to migrate from Melaka to surrounding territories of the empire to spread Islam

Began the promulgation of the Melaka Codes of Law and the Melaka Laws of the Sea.

Ruled Melaka for 10 years

1456 - 1477

SULTAN MANSUR SYAH / RAJA ABDULLAH

His real name is Raja Abdullah

The only son of Sultan Muzaffar Syah

Rose to the throne at the age of 27 years and ruled Melaka for 21 years

The Melaka empire and propagation of Islam were expanded to Johor, Pahang, Terengganu, Selangor, Perak as well as the Riau–Lingga islands, Jambi, Kampar, Siak, Rokan, Inderagiri and Aru in Sumatera

A Sultan who took great care of religious matters

1477 - 1488

SULTAN ALA’UDDIN RIAYAT SYAH / RAJA HUSIN

He was the son of Sultan Mansur Syah

Raised to the throne at a youthful age

A mighty and wise King

His Majesty was a firm and courageous man

Improved the implementation of Islamic laws and jurisprudence

Melaka become peaceful and prosperous with its enhanced implementation of Islamic laws

1488 - 1511

SULTAN MAHMUD SYAH

The Sultan who ruled Melaka when it fell into the hands of the Portuguese in 1511

Melaka slid into a state of instability under his rule

State dignitaries clashed with each other

Corruption and malpractice became rampant

He also managed to expand power to Kedah, Kelantan and Pattani, and defended Pahang from the attack of the King of Legor

He also installed several kings of other states such as Raja Abdul Jamil of Pahang, Raja Abdullah of Kampar and a King of Kedah

He remained concerned about religious affairs

PRESENT

BENDAHARA of MELAKA

The Bendahara was the second highest position after the Sultan and also came second during all royal ceremonies. During the administration of the Melaka Malay Sultanate, there were overall eight people who held the post of Bendahara:

Tun Perpatih Permuka Berjajar (Bendahara Seri Wak Raja 1)

  • Served under Parameswara

Radin Anum (Bendahara Seri Amar Diraja)

  • Served under Sultan Muhammad Syah

Tun Perpatih Sedang (Bendahara Seri Wak Raja 2)

  • Served under Raja Ibrahim and Sultan Muzaffar Syah

Tun Ali Nara Diraja (Bendahara Seri Nara Diraja)

  • Served under Sultan Muzaffar Syah

Tun Perak (Bendahara Seri Paduka Raja)

  • Served under Sultan Muzaffar Syah, Sultan Mansur Syah, Sultan Alauddin and Sultan Mahmud Syah (only during the early part)
  • Tun Perpatih Sedang's second son and brother of Tun Kudu and Tun Perpatih Putih
  • Specialist in crafting war strategies especially in repelling Siamese attacks
  • Able to capture Kampar, Rokan, Bengkalis, Siak and Inderagiri in Sumatra; Johor, Pahang, Terengganu and Patani in the Malay Peninsula
  • Died in 1498 during the early reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah

Tun Perpatih Putih (Bendahara Putih)

  • Younger brother of Tun Perak
  • Appointed as the Bendahara after the death of his father by Sultan Mahmud Syah in 1498

Tun Mutahir (Bendahara Seri Maharaja)

  • The seventh Bendahara of Melaka
  • The son of Tun Ali, and his mother was Tun Kudu
  • Appointed after the death of his uncle Tun Perpatih Putih by Sultan Mahmud Syah
  • A man who adhered closely to religion
  • He was responsible for saving Melaka from the tricks of Lopez de Sequiera by attacking and expelling the Portuguese forces in 1509
  • Tun Mutahir was executed by the Sultan as a result of slander by Raja Mendeliar who accused Tun Mutahir of trying to challenge the greatness of the Sultan
  • The people of Melaka became divided after Tun Mutahir's death

Bendahara Tepok (Bendahara Lubok Batu)

  • Served under Sultan Mahmud Syah in old age and lack of strength
  • The son of Bendahara Seri Paduka Raja, the famous Tun Perak
  • Followed the Sultan retreat to Muar's after the Portuguese conquest of Melaka
  • Died in Lubok Batu, Johor

LAKSAMANA MELAKA

The Laksamana was like an Admiral but with more duties, encompassing the chief of security and protocol, and as official representative of the Melaka Malay Sultanate but most importantly to guard the sovereignty of Malacca in military terms. The first figure to be Laksamana of Melaka was Hang Tuah. The post of Laksamana became a form of inherited post when Hang Tuah's son-in-laws Khoja Hassan and Hang Nadim later also received the title of Laksamana.

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