MUZIUM ISTANA KESULTANAN MELAKA / MELAKA SULTANATE PALACE MUSEUM

THE COVENANT BETWEEN KINGS AND THE PEOPLE

The agreement between the common people represented by Demang Lebar Daun and the Kings or Rulers represented by Seri Maharaja Sang Sapurba Paduka Seri Teri Buana has given us the concept of obedience (taat-setia or wa'adat), divine right (daulat) and disobedience (derhaka) that was formulated and practiced since the time of the Melaka Sultanate until today.

“…So that it is known by all our descendants who will come after us, that which is reminded unto them, therewith they gain benefit from it…”

“As it began, it is chronicled by those who own the chronicles, that the state of Palembang is the Palembang that exists today, long ago it was too vast, and a King of Palembang by the name of Demang Lebar Daun had sired a daughter, thus she was asked for marriage by Sang Sapurba. Thus Demang Lebar Daun said, “If my daughter were to be made consort, surely it shall be; but if Your Majesty wishes to make a covenant with me, then patik (I) will present my child in submission to Duli Yang Dipertuan (The Anointed One).” “It was thus that Demang Lebar Daun was first to use such language of “Yang Dipertuan” and patik (‘I” for commoner in royal speech). Thus Sang Sapurba asked, ”What is that which my good sir wishes?”. Demang Lebar Daun said, "Your Majesty, the descendants of your humble servant shall be the subjects of Your Majesty's throne, but they must be well treated by your descendants. If they offend, they shall not, however grave be their offence, be disgraced or reviled with evil words: (but) if their offence is grave, let them be put to death if that is in accordance with the divine law. And the king replied, "I agree to give the undertaking for which you ask: but I in my turn require an undertaking from you, sir." And when Demang Lebar Daun asked what the undertaking was, the King answered, "That your descendants shall never for the rest of time be disloyal to my descendants, even if my descendants are harsh or are debauched." And Demang Lebar Daun said, "Very well, Your Majesty. But if your descendants depart from the terms of the pact, then so will mine." And Sang Sapurba replied, "Very well, I agree to that covenant.” “So His Majesty exchanged oaths that whosoever changed the covenant then Allah would overturn his roofs upside down, the foot of his pillars turned upwards. That is why Allah Subhanahu Wataala bestowed to all the Malay Rulers, they have never given any disgrace to all the Malay servants; if as great as the wrongdoing is, there is no tying nor hanging nor disgracing with evil words. If a King humiliates a Malay subject, his kingdom shall perish. Therewith, all Malay offspring are bestowed by Allah Subhanahu Wataala never to be disobedient nor turn their face from the King, if debauched even if it is a harm.”

THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE MELAKA SULTANATE

In the administration of the Melaka Malay Sultanate, the pattern of oligarchic administration created two main groups, namely the royal rulers and governing elite, and the people being ruled (the common people).

The administrative system of Melaka is also called the Four-fold Ministerial System comprising of four main positions, namely the Bendahara, Temenggung, Penghulu Bendahari and Laksamana.

Under these main Ministerial positions then come the Eight-fold Dignitaries followed by the Sixteen-fold Dignitaries and the Thirty-two-fold Dignitaries, each with their responsibilities. This structured administrative system made the Melaka Sultanate emerge as a powerful empire due to its political stability and efficiency of administration.

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