MUZIUM SAMUDERA FASA I (Flor de La Mar) / MARITIME MUSEUM PHASE I (Flor de La Mar)
PENTADBIRAN INGGERIS DI MELAKA
PENTADBIRAN INGGERIS DI MELAKA
Melaka diambilalih oleh British dalam tahun 1795 berikutan Perang Napoleon di bawah Eropah. Kapten William Farquhar dilantik sebagai Gabenor Tentera British. Dalam tahun 1807, Kota Melaka dimusnahkan. Dasar Inggeris bertujuan mengabaikan sama sekali Melaka dan memindahkan penduduknya ke Pulau Pinang. Sehingga tahu 1824, British tidak begitu berminat untuk melakukan pembaharuan pentadbiran di Melaka, sebaliknya menjaga kepentingan terhadap perdagangannya dengan China. Untuk sementara waktu, Pegawai Belanda di dalam Majlis Keadilan mengekalkan tugas kehakiman dan kepolisan bagi memelihara ketenteraman awam.
Di Melaka, Inggeris melancarkan serangan terhadap di Pulau Jawa dalam tahun 1811. Melalui Perjanjian Inggeris Belanda tahun 1824, Melaka bernaung di bawah pengaruh Inggeris. Bersama Pulau Pinang dan Singapura, Melaka tercantum di bawah pentadbiran Negeri-Negeri Selat pada tahun 1826. Pentadbiran awam British dilaksanakan di Melaka. Piagam Keadilan Diraja diperkenalkan menyebabkan sistem kehakiman dan undang-undang Inggeris digunakan di Melaka. Banduan membekalkan tenaga buruh murah bagi menyediakan kemudahan awam. Dalam tahun 1867, Melaka mempunyai jaringan pengangkutan kereta lembu yang agak memuaskan. Dari Negeri-Negeri Selat, kepentingan Inggeris dikembangkan ke negeri melayu.
Pihak Inggeris turut memperkenalkan peraturan pembaharuan tanah, melaksanakan aktiviti mengukur tanah disamping menggalakkan usaha pertanian. Inggeris terlibat dalam Perang Naning 1831-1832. Perang ini menelan perbelanjaan yang banyak dan memperlihatkan reaksi pribumi terhadap penjajahan Inggeris. Penduduk Melaka berjumlah 55,000 dalam tahun 1846 meliputi pelbagai kaum. Pentadbiran Inggeris di Melaka juga dibebani oleh masalah kewangan. Dalam tahun 1867, Negeri-Negeri Selat dijadikan Tanah Jajahan Mahkota Inggeris. Pentadbirannya dipindahkan ke Pejabat Tanah Jajahan di London. Pada awal abad ke 20, penduduk Melaka berjumlah 95,000 yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada orang melayu. Melaka adalah di antara negeri yang terawal menerima sistem pendidikan Inggeris di Tanah Melayu.
The British rule Malacca in 1795 as the result of the Napolean War in Europe. Captain William Farquhar was appointed the Governor of the British army. In 1807 the Melaka Fort was demolished. The British intended to abandon Melaka completely and transfer its people to Penang. Until 1824 the British showed no real interest in introducing administrative changes in Melaka. They were concerned of their trade with China. Asia temporary measure, the Dutch officers in the Cauncil of Justice retained and policy duties to maintain public order. From Melaka, the British attacked the Dutch at Java in 1811. The Anglo Dutch Freaty of 1824 placed Melaka under the British influence. Later, Melaka was incorporated with Penang and Singapore under the administrative of the Straits Settlements in 1826. The British civil administrative was promulgated in Melaka. The charter of Justice was introduced resulting in implementation of the British judiciary and legal system in Melaka.
Prisoners provided cheap labour for the public amenities. In 1867, Melaka had a very efficient bullock cart transportation network. From the Straits Settlements, British’s interest were extended to the Malay States. The British introduced land reform, carried out land surbeys and encourage agriculture. They were involved in the Naning War between 1831-1832. The war taxed heavily on the British and demonstrated the reaction of the natives towards the British.
The population of Melaka numbered 55,000 in 1846 consisting of various ethnic groups. The British administration was financially strained. In 1867 the Straits Settlements became the British Crown Colony. The administration was transferred to the Colonial office in London. During the early 20th century, the Melaka population totaled 95,000. Majority of whom were Malays. Melaka was among the earliest state to receive the British education system in Malaya.
PELABUHAN MELAKA PADA 1843
PELABUHAN MELAKA PADA 1843
Lukisan ini dilukis semula oleh Charles A. Dyee pada tahun 1843 menunjukkan tiada aktiviti di sekitar kawasan pelabuhan Melaka. Beberapa perahu Sumatera dan tempatan telah bergerak di sekitar muara. Tiada satu pun kapal but British atau kapal dagangan kelihatan berlabuh di Melaka.
This printing, reprocuction of a painting painted by Charles A Dyee. In 1843, shows the inactivity around the Malacca Harbour area. Few Sumaterans and local boats were moving around the estuary. Not even a British naval or merchant ship was seen anchored at Malacca.
KAPAL PERANG INGGERIS
THE BRITISH BATTLE SHIP
Dalam abad ke 15 M, tercipta kapal yang lebih besar dan mudah dikendalikan, disamping serbuk letupan dan peralatan pelayaran. Kapal-kapal perang daripada kayu dibina menjadi lebih besar, lengkap bersenjata dan dibekalkan dengan 120 pucuk meriam. Susunan jawatan pegawai tentera laut diwujudkan. Abad ke 16 menyaksikan kemunculan kapal “Carrack” yang besar, diikuti oleh Galeon dengan muatan 300 orang kelasi. 120 orang askar meriam dan 1000 orang askar bersenjata.
Senapang, meriam daripada tembaga dan gangsa diletakkan di bahagian kekota dan di buritan atau disusun di sepanjang sisi kapal. Menjelang abad ke 17 semua kapal perang Inggeris dilengkapi layar persegi kecil di atas tiang topang beserta 3 atau 4 layar. Kapal-kapal ini lengkap dipersenjatai serta mempunyai 120 pucuk meriam. Meskipun kapal ini teguh dan lasak, namun kapal ini bergerak agak perlahan. Kapal “frigate” yang direkabentuk untuk meninjau tugas pengiring dan serangan untuk menguasai perdagangan lebih ringan dan lebih laju.
During the 15th century, larger and bandier sailing ships, the invention of gunpowder and navigational instruments came into effect. The wooden fighting ships became larger, heavily armed and equipped with as many as 120 guns. Ranking of professional naval officers was created. The 16th century witnessed the emergence of the large “Carrack” followed by the Galeon carrying some 300 mariners. 120 gunners and 100 men at arms. Guns, buss or bronze commons were placed on boardships in the forecastle and sterncastle or mounted along the ship sides. By the 17th century all English warship were riggered with square topsails on the mizzen with 3 or4 masts.
They were well armed and carried more than 20 guns. The East Indiamen though provide good service, were not very swift. The frigate, designed for scouting, escort duty and commerce raiding was lighter and speedier.
PEREKONOMIAN MELAKA DIBAWAH INGGERIS
MALACCA ECONOMICS UNDER THE BRITISH
Sepanjang abad ke 19, Pulau Pinang berperanan sebagai pusat pemungutan dan pengagihan barang dagangan di Tanah Melayu. Melaka turut menyalurkan hasil import dan eksport dari Negeri Sembilan, disamping membantu pertumbuhan keagamaan, perekonomian di Pahang dan Selangor, kedudukan Singapura sebagai pelabuhan ternama menjejaskan keupayaan perdagangan Melaka. Perdagangan Melaka merosot lebih 80 % dalam tahun 1823 dibandingkan dengan tahun 1815, sementara belanjawan negeri sejak 1831-1834 mencatatkan kerugian sejumlah 891,200 sicca Rupee. Di dalam tahun 1867, ternyata sekali peranan Melaka sebagai pelabuhan dagangan amat menurun. Sekitar 1880 an hanya terdapat lebih kurang 30 orang Inggeris berkhidmat di Melaka. Penurunan perdagangan Melaka diimbangi melalui kegiatan pertanian.
Di antara 1828-1856 umpamanya menggunakan tanah di ladang pertanian meningkat lima kali ganda dan pergantungan terhadap import beras dari luar telah berkurangan. Tanaman seperti lada hitam dan gambir diusahakan sehingga 1880 an. Tanaman getah turut diperkenalkan dan sejak tahun 1904, Melaka mulai mengeksport hasil tanaman berkenaan. Hasil pendapatan Melaka juga didapati melalui kegiatan pajakan, cukai tanah dan hasil pertanian, cukai pintu, pendapatan dari sistem pejabat pos serta denda yang dikenakan oleh pihak polis dan mahkamah. Selain dari iu, kegiatan perikanan, penanaman kelapa, perlombongan timah dan kegiatan lain turut menyumbang di dalam sektor perekonomian negara. Melaka mengeksport hasil ternakan ke Singapura, rotan ke Pulau Pinang disamping buah-buahan, kayu, serbuk emas, ikan dan sebagainya.
During the 15th century, larger and bandier sailing ships, the invention of gunpowder and navigational instruments came into effect. The wooden fighting ships became larger, heavily armed and equipped with as many as 120 guns. Ranking of professional naval officers was created. The 16th century witnessed the emergence of the large “Carrack” followed by the Galeon carrying some 300 mariners. 120 gunners and 100 men at arms. Guns, buss or bronze commons were placed on boardships in the forecastle and sterncastle or mounted along the ship sides. By the Throughout the 19th century, Penang and Melaka were the centers for the collection and distribution of trading commodities in Malaya. Melaka had also channeled import and export activities for Negeri Sembilan. In addition to assisting the development of economic activities in Pahang and Selangor. Singapore’s status as a leading port bindored Melaka’s trading capabilities. The trade in Melaka decreased more than 80 % in 1823 compared to 1815, while state revenues since 1831-1834 recorded deficit amounting to 891200 Sirca Rupees. In 1867 Melaka’s role as a trading harbour declined significantly. Around the 1880’s, roughly 30 British officers served in Melaka. The decline of trade in Melaka was compensated by agriculture. Between 1828 to 1856, for instance land cultivation increased 5 times and the dependence on imported rice decreased. Crops such as black pepper and gambier were planted throughout the 1880’s. Rubber plantation was also introduced and since 1904, Melaa begin to export those commodities. Melaka’s revenue were also obtained through tax farming, land crop titles, quitrents, income from postal services and fines imposed by the police and courts.
In addition, fisheries, coconut plantation, tin mining and other activities contributed to the atates economic sector. Melaka exported livestock to Singapore rattan to Penang besides fruits, timber, gold dust, fish and others.
MELAKA-PELABUHAN DAN BANDAR YANG LESU
MELAKA A WEARY PORT AND CITY
Zaman keagungan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka di bidang perdagangan lenyap ditelan waktu. Sejak tahun 1511 Melaka dijajah silih berganti. Pihak Portugis, Belanda dan Inggeris tidak berupaya mengembalikan kegemilangan Melaka dibidang perdagangan antarabangsa. Kepada mereka, Melaka berperanan untuk memajukan cita-cita dan kepentingan masing-masing dengan mengawal lalu-lintas perdagangan dan perkapalan secara paksa. Dasar monopoli yang dikenakan mencetuskan perbalahan, persengketaan dan reaksi pribumi tempatan dan sekitaran. Demikian Melaka di abad ke 19 dan 20 dapatlah diibaratkan sebagai pertapakan Inggeris yang telah hilang seri dan kegemilangannya. Ia ibarat sebuah bandar dan pelabuhan yang mundur di tengah-tengah kebangkitan Pulau Pinang dan Singapura.
Pasir dan selut memenuhi muara sungainya. Hanya perahu dan tongkang kecil merapati pelabuhan. Melaka tidak lagi menjadi pusat perdagangan tanaman, sebaliknya sebuah koloni Inggeris yang membebankan dari segi perbelanjaan. Import barangnya lebih khusus kepada keperluan penduduknya yang juga berkurangan. Sebahagian penduduk Melaka yang berhijrah ke tempat lain akan mancari peluang pekerjaan dan kesenangan hidup. Eksport Melaka juga terbatas. Tanahnya yang subur dan kawasan pedalaman yang lebih luas dari Pulau Pinang mahupun Singapura tidak menjadikannya pusat pertanian yang cukup berjaya. Belanjawan dan kewangan sering mencatat kerugian. Demikianlah Melaka, pelabuhan dan Bandar yang masih dikunjungi pelayar dan pengembara yang menyaksikan kemundurannya di bawah pentadbiran British.
The golden ages of the Malay Melaka Sultanate in trade disappeard overnight. Since 1511, Melaka witnessed series of conquest. The Portuguese, Dutch and British were unable to restore its glory in international trade. To them, Melaka served to fulfill their ambitions and interests through the control of trade and shipping by force. Monopolistics policies imposed triggered disputes, disunity and retaliation from the natives and its neighbours. Such was Melaka in the 19th and 20th centuries, under the British, without its maginificence. Melaka dwindled into a delapicated city and port, overshadowed by developments of Penang and Singapore. Sand and mud silted the estuary. Few smaller prahus and lugboats entered the harnour. Melaka was no longer the famous trade emporium, but merely a British colony which was financially burdensome.
Its imports were mainly for the sustenance of its reduced population. Some of the Melakans migrated to other places to seek employment and good fortune. Melaka’s export were limited. Her fertile land and vest binterland compared to either Penang or Singapore fell short of transforming Melaka into a successful agriculture centre. Melaka consistently recorded deficit in budget. Such was Melaka, a port and city frequented by sailors and travelers who witnessed its appalling condition under the British.
