MUZIUM SEJARAH / HISTORY MUSEUM
ALMARI BELANDA
DUTCH CUPBOARD
Almari Belanda dengan lambang VOC ini mempunyai dua daun pintu hadapan yang diukir sepenuhnya. Ia dibuat daripada kayu hitam di Melaka pada kurun 17 Masihi.
This Dutch cupboard with the VOC insignia has two fully decorated doors. It is made of hard black wood in Melaka in the 17th century.
MODEL KAPAL PERANG BELANDA
DUTCH WAR SHIP MODEL
Ini ialah model kapal perang Belanda. Kapal perang jenis ini pernah digunakan dalam peperangan di antara Belanda dan Portugis di Selat Melaka.
This is a model of a Dutch war ship. This type of ship was used in the war between the Dutch and the Portuguese in the Straits of Melaka.
KEJATUHAN KOTA PORTUGIS
THE FALL OF THE PORTUGUESE FORTRESS
Sekatan makanan ke Kota Melaka sangat menyusahkan orang-orang Portugis dalam kota. Beberapa orang Portugis cuba melarikan diri dari kepungan Belanda tetapi telah ditangkap. Belanda sedar bahawa orang-orang Portugis di dalam kota tidak ada makanan langsung dan akan kalah sekiranya diserang mengejut. Pada 11 Januari 1641, Belanda dengan semangat baru membedil benteng-benteng kota di bahagian timur dan tenggara, serta berjaya memecahkan kota. Tembakan demi tembakan membesarkan lubang dinding kota di bahagian timur sehingga askar-askar mereka dapat masuk ke dalam kota. Sebuah jambatan didirikan pada tengah malam untuk memudahkan pergerakan askar-askar Belanda.
Pada 14 Januari 1641, pukul 2 pagi, Minnie Williemson Kaartekoe mengarahkan 650 orang askar Belanda menyerang Kota Melaka dari timur. Satu demi satu kubu pertahanan Portugis jatuh ke tangan Belanda. Hanya A Famosa sahaja tidak dapat ditawan tetapi sebaliknya, 20 orang askar Belanda telah ditembak mati. Memandangkan keadaan ini, Gabenor Portugis menaikkan bendera putih menandakan kekalahan dan penyerahan.
Kota Portugis yang berdiri gagah menghadapi beberapa serangan dan akhirnya jatuh selepas berperang selama lapan bulan.
The long siege on the fortress caused extreme hardship to the Portuguese who were in the fortress. Some of them tried to break through the blockade but were caught. The Dutch knew that the Portuguese did not have enough food and would be defeated in a sudden attack. On 11th January 1641, the Dutch, with renewed vigor, bombarded the East and Southeast bastions of the fortress, and succeeded in bringing down the wall so that its soldiers could enter the fort. A bridge was built in the middle of the night to facilitate their movements.
On 14th January 1641, at two o’clock in the morning, Captain Minne Williemson Kaartekoe ordered 650 of his soldiers to attack Melaka from the east. The Portuguese were defeated. Only the A Famosa could not be taken even though 20 Dutch soldiers were killed. In the end, the Portuguese governor surrender.
The Portuguese fort had withstood several attacks; finally fell after an eight-month battle.
PENYERAHAN KUASA PORTUGIS KEPADA BELANDA
THE SURRENDER OF THE PORTUGUESE TO THE DUTCH
Pada pukul 10 pagi, 14 Januari 1641, Melaka telah jatuh ke tangan Belanda. Pihak Portugis telah menaikkan bendera putih sebagai tanda mengaku kalah. Portugis telah memegang Melaka selama 129 tahun, 3 bulan dan 4 hari. Komander Minne Williemson Kaartekoe yang tinggal di khemah berdekatan Kampung Keling memasuki Kota Portugis untuk berbincang dengan Gabenor Portugis Manuel de Souza Coutinho tentang penyerahan kuasa dan syarat-syarat penyerahan diri.
Kapten Belanda bersetuju untuk membebaskan semua orang Portugis dengan semua harta benda mereka di atas rayuan paderi-paderi. Semua kekayaan gereja Portugis juga dibenarkan dibawa bersama. Hanya askar-askar Diraja sahaja ditahan dan dibawa ke Batavia. Gabenor Portugis mengalungkan kunci-kunci kota ke leher Kapten Belanda. Semua orang Portugis dibenarkan pulang ke Negara mereka tetapi keturunan Portugis ditinggalkan di Melaka. Gabenor Portugis meninggal dunia dua hari selepas itu dan dikebumikan di Melaka.
Peperangan antara Belanda dan Portugis tersebut menyebabkan 7000 orang Melaka mati. Hampir 10000 orang melarikan diri. Hanya 3000 orang saja tinggal di Kota Melaka. 1500 askar Belanda termasuk tiga orang ketua pasukan Belanda, 200 Portugis dan 500 orang keturunan Portugis mati akibat peperangan dan dijangkiti wabak penyakit. Dengan ini berakhirlah era Portugis.
Melaka fell to the Dutch at 10 a.m. on 14th January 1641. The Portuguese raised the white flag as a signal of their surrender. They had occupied Melaka for 129 years, three months and four days. Commander Minne Williemson Kaartekoe, who stayed in the camp in Kampung Keling, entered the Portuguese fort to discuss with the Portuguese Governor, Dom Manuel de Souza Coutinho, the handing over of power and the terms of surrender.
After some pleading from the priests, the Dutch Captain agreed to let all the Portuguese went taking with them their wealth and all church properties. Only the Portuguese Royal soldiers were detained and taken to Batavia. The Portuguese Governor garlanded a bunch of the keys to Melaka around the Dutch Captain’s neck. The Portuguese left, but their descendants remained in Melaka. The Portuguese Governor died two days later and was buried in Melaka.
The Portuguese-Dutch war resulted in the death of 7000 Melaka. Almost 10000 people left Melaka. Only 3000 stayed behind. 1500 Dutch soldiers, including three captains, and 200 Portuguese descendants died because of the war and the epidemic. With that, the Portuguese era came to an end.
PEPERANGAN DI ANTARA NANING DAN BELANDA
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN NANING AND THE DUTCH
Semasa perang Belanda terhadap Portugis pada tahun 1640-1641, orang-orang Naning membantu Sultan Johor mengepung Kota Portugis dan menghalang kemasukan sebarang makanan dari pendalaman negeri Melaka. Jasa orang-orang Naning itu tidak di kenang. Pihak Belanda pula menganggap Naning sebagai tanah di bawah jajahan mereka. Namun, pada 15 Ogos 1641, mereka mengenakan cukai 10 peratus ke atas sebarang pengeluaran Naning, cukai tambahan ke atas perahu-perahu Naning, menyekat laluan mereka hanya di Sungai Melaka sahaja dan mengarahkan supaya semua senjata diserah kepada kompeni Belanda. Syarat-syarat tersebut diterima tetapi tidak dipatuhi.
Pada bulan Februari 1643, satu rombangan di bawah Gabenor Van Vliet yang mengandungi 160 askar Belanda telah ke Naning dan mengarahkan supaya orang Naning menanam lebih banyak padi dan membersihkan sungai untuk memudahkan laluan dan mengumumkan bahawa Dato’ Penghulu Naning sebagai Ketua Naning terletak di bawahnya. Orang-orang Naning tidak mahu menerima arahan Gabenor Belanda itu. Apabila Ketua Kota Melaka, Forsenburgh dan Syahbandar Menie dengan enam orang askar cuba untuk mengambil tindakan dan telah dibunuhnya.
Peperangan telah meletus di antara Belanda dan orang-orang Naning yang mengakibatkan kematian 31 orang askar Belanda. Gabenor Belanda yang menuju untuk membantu Ketua bernasib baik dapat melepaskan diri dan tiba di Melaka tanpa peti wang yang mengandungi 13,000 rial dan harta benda persendirian. Pihak Belanda meminta Sultan Johor mengambil tindakan terhadap Naning dan Bendahara Sekudai dihantar untuk menyelesaikan kejadian tersebut.
Walau bagaimanapun, Belanda tidak puas hati dan mengambil tindak balas pada tahun 1645. 350 orang askar Belanda di bawah Joan Triujtman telah memusnahkan rumah-rumah dan sawah Naning. Naning pula membalas dengan serangan yang tidak teratur pada tahun 1646, Gabenor baru Belanda menghantar 540 orang askar untuk menyerang Naning dan sengaja memusnahkan semua jenis pertanian termasuk pokok kelapa, serta pinang.
Kemusnahan yang dihadapi ini telah memaksa orang-orang Naning meminta kedamaian. Perdamaian di antara Belanda dan Naning tidak bertahan lama. Belanda cuba menguasai Naning. Orang-orang Naning pula tetap dengan cara dan kebebasan mereka
The people of Naning helped the Sultan of Johore lay a siege of the Portuguese fortress and blocked the supply of food coming from the inland areas. The Dutch did not appreciate the actions of the people of Naning. Instead, they considered Naning their colony and on 16th August, 1641, imposed a 10% tax on all its products, additional tax on its boats, limited their movements to the Melaka River, and ordered that all weapons be surrendered to them. These orders were not obeyed.
In February 1643, Governor Van Vlient led an expedition of 160 Dutch soldiers to Naning and ordered the local people to plant extra paddy, clean the river to facilitate easier movement of boats, and made the Dato Penghulu Naning as the Captain of Naning under him. The people of Naning refused to obey him and killed the Captain of Melaka, Fosenburgh; harbour master Menie and six soldiers when they tried to take an action against them. War broke out between the Dutch and the people of Naning, resulting in 31 Dutch soldiers being killed. The Dutch governor who went to help the Captain was lucky enough to escape and returned to Melaka without his chest of 13,000 rial and other personal belongings. The Dutch wanted the Sultan of Johore to take action against Naning and Prime Minister Sekudai was sent to resolve the matter.
However, the Dutch were still not satisfied and in 1645, retaliated against Naning.
350 Dutch soldiers under the command of Joan Truijtman destroyed the home and paddy fields in Naning. The people retaliated in a disorderly manner. In 1646, the new Dutch governor sent 540 soldiers to attack Naning, but also intentionally destroyed all the food crops, including coconut and betel nut trees.
This wanton destruction forced the people of Naning to seek a truce.
Peace between the Dutch and the people of Naning were short-lived. The Dutch wanted to take control of naming, but the people of Naning wanted to remain free.
PEMBINAAN KOTA BELANDA DI BUKIT ST. PAUL
THE BUILDING OF THE FORT ON ST. PAUL HILL
Kota A Famosa dan Kota Portugis yang diperbesarkan kemudian hanya mengelilingi Bukit St. Paul sahaja. Apabila kota itu ditawan oleh Belanda pada tahun 1641, bahagian besar kubu kota ini telah musnah sehingga Kota Melaka tidak mempunyai ketahanan ketika itu. Strategi awal pihak Belanda ialah mengukuhkan tembok kota yang terdapat di tebing dan muara Sungai Melaka. Mereka membina kota pertahanan di kemuncak Bukit China dan Bukit Senjuang. Rancangan itu tidak diteruskan kerana pihak Belanda tidak mahu membiayai kos pembinaan kota-kota itu.
Rancangan kedua pihak Belanda ialah membina sebuah kota yang meliputi sebahagian Bukit St. Paul yang lebih kecil daripada Kota Portugis yang telah musnah, dan membina sebuah kota pertahanan di Bukit China. Kerja pembinaan kota di Bukit China telah pun dimulakan tetapi tidak dapat disiapkan kerana tidak ada sokongan dari pegawai atasan di Batavia.
Akhirnya, pertahanan dan keselamatan kuasa Belanda di Kota Melaka telah diberi perhatian berat dan diputuskan supaya Bukit St. Paul menjadi pusat pertahanan Belanda. Pada tahun 1660, satu benteng kubu di muara Sungai Melaka telah didirikan. Apabila Balthasar Bort menjadi Gabenor Melaka (1665-1677), beliau meneruskan pembinaan Kota Belanda disekeliling Bukit St. Paul. Kota yang dibina oleh Bort lebih besar dan luas dari kota Portugis. Bort juga telah mengubahsuai pintu masuk ke kotanya dan menambahkan lambang pihak Belanda di pintu gerbang. Kerja-kerja pembinaan Kota Belanda selesai pada tahun 1670. Satu rawang juga digali pada tahun 1674 yang menyambungkan Sungai Melaka berdekatan kubu dibahagian utara kota dengan pintu gerbang ‘Santiago’ dan laut, ini menjadikan Bukit St. Paul sebagai satu pulau.
A Famosa and Portuguese fortress that was enlarged actually went around only St.Paul’s Hill. When the Dutch captured the city in 1641, much of the fortress had been damaged to the point that Melaka did not have much defence.
The Dutch initially wanted to strengthen the fort on the banks and mouth of Melaka River, and to built a fort on top of Bukit China and Bukit Senjuang. This plan was never carried out because of the Dutch East India Company’s refusal to allocate funds to build these forts.
Next, the Dutch East India Company planned to build a fort around a part of St. Paul’s Hill, which was smaller than that of the Portuguese. They also planned to build a fort around Bukit China. Work began on the fort on Bukit China but was later abandoned when it did not get the support of senior Dutch officials in Batavia.
In the end, the defence and safety of the Dutch in Melaka was given serious attention and it was decided that St. Paul’s Hill would be the main Dutch base. In 1660, a new bastion was erected near the river estuary. When Balthasar Bort became the Governor of Melaka (1665-1677), he started the construction of the Dutch fortress to be bigger than the Portuguese fort and to encircle St. Paul’s Hill and surrounding areas. Bort also modified the gateway into the city, and added to insignia of the Dutch East India to it. Construction work was completed in 1670. A moat dug to connect the Melaka River at the fort’s northern point and the sea near the ‘Santiago’ gate, making St. Paul’s Hill and island.
A Dutch report in 1726 stated that the fortress of Melaka was strong, solid and difficult to surmount.
PEMBINAAN KOTA DISEKELILING PERIGI RAJA
THE ERECTION OF AROUND THE KING’S WELL
Perigi Raja telah digali pada zaman pemerintahan Sultan Mansur Syah (1378-1449) untuk kegunaan isterinya Puteri Hang Li Poh. Perigi ini juga dikenali sebagai Perigi Hang Li Poh. Keistimewaan perigi ini terletak pada airnya yang bersih, jernih dan manis. Perigi ini tidak pernah kering walaupun pada musim kemarau yang panjang. Hakikat ini diakui pada zaman Kesultanan Melaka oleh masyarakat luar.
Peranan perigi Raja sebagai sumber air yang tetap menyebabkan ia menjadi sasaran bagi musuh Portugis yang menyerang Kota Portugis. Kali pertama Perigi Raja menjadi sasaran tentera ialah pada tahun 1551 apabila Keturunan Sultan Melaka dari Johor mengepung Kota Melaka selama tiga bulan. Sebelum berundur, mereka meracuni perigi ini.
Orang-orang Portugis yang dikepung di A Famosa minum air Perigi Raja ini untuk menghilangkan haus. Akhirnya, 200 orang Portugis mati. Taktik ini digunakan oleh semua penyerang-penyerang Melaka selepas itu, termasuklah Belanda pada tahun 1606-1608 apabila mereka mengepung Melaka.
Apabila Belanda menawan Kota Melaka dari Portugis pada tahun 1641, mereka sedar kepentingan air Perigi Raja sebagai bekalan air Kota Melaka dan khuatir mereka juga diracuni oleh musuh-musuh mereka. Oleh itu, mereka memutuskan untuk mengawal perigi tersebut. Pada mulanya, pihak Belanda hanya menempatkan seorang dua pengawal sahaja dan perigi itu di kepung. Pada tahun 1677, Gabenor Bort membina kubu pertahanan balak dan meletakkan lapan pucuk meriam untuk menahan serangan orang Naning. 10 orang askar dibawah pengawasan seorang sarjan sentiasa mengawal bekalan air itu. Tidak lama kemudian, sebuah kota kecil lengkap dengan tempat meletak meriam dibina untuk menjamin kawalan yang lebih ketat.
Apabila Melaka diserah kepada British pada tahun 1824, penyelenggaraan kota kecil itu tidak dipedulikan. Walaupun Perigi Raja masih menjadi bekalan air yang utama, kota kecil tersebut dibiarkan sehingga ia runtuh. Sekarang, hanya tembok kota sahaja masih ada sebagai lambang peranan perigi yang tertua di Negara ini.
Perigi Raja (King’s Well) was dug during the reign of Sultan Mansur Syah (1378-1449) for his wife, Princess Hang Li Poh, to use. Also known as Hang Li Poh’s well, it was known for its clean, clear and sweet water, and it never dried up even during a prolonged drought. Even foreigners acknowledge its purity during the era of the Sultanate.
The importance of the King’s Well as a main source of water made it a target for enemies of the Portuguese who attacked the Portuguese Fortress. The first time it was targeted target in 1551 when the descendants of the Sultan of Melaka in Johore laid a siege on the fort for three months. Before retreating, they poisoned the well. The Portuguese, who had been besieged in the A Famosa, drank the water, causing 200 of them to die. All those who attacked Melaka, including the Dutch in 1606-1608 when they laid siege on Melaka, used this strategy.
When the Dutch captured Melaka from the Portuguese in 1641, they realized the importance of the King’s well as the main water source for the fortress and fearing that their enemies too could poison them, decided to guard it. At first, the Dutch only stationed a guard or tow, and erected a barrier around the well. In 1677, Governor Bort built a wooden barricade and placed eight cannons to defend it against an attack by the people of Naning. Ten soldiers under a sergeant guarded this well at all times. A small stone fortress with several cavities to house cannons was built for greater security. When Melaka was handed over to the British in 1824, the maintenance of this small fort was neglected. Although the King’s well was still the main water source, the small fort was left to deteriorate until it eventually collapsed. Today, only its wall stands as a symbol of the role-played by the oldest well in the country.
KEBEBASAN MEMBINA MASJID DAN TEMPAT IBADAT
THE FREEDOM TO BUILD MOSQUES AND TEMPLES
Kebebasan beribadat ialah faktor utama yang menyumbang kepada keharmonian di kalangan rakyat semasa zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka. Portugis melarang kebebasan beribadat dan hanya membenarkan agama Katolik sahaja diamalkan di Kota Melaka. Pihak Belanda tidak begitu fanatik tentang agama seperti Portugis. Mereka lebih bersikap toleransi terhadap agama-agama lain tetapi kurang sabar dengan mazhab Katolik sehingga 1695 kerana mengikut agama yang diamalkan di Eropah dan sikap permusuhan keturunan kaum Portugis terhadap Belanda.
Akan tetapi sebagai peniaga, Belanda bersikap kejam terhadap pedagang-pedagang Cina. Pada mulanya India, kemudian kaum China, berpindah ke tempat lain untuk meneruskan perniagaan mereka kerana polisi-polisi perniagaan Belanda. Oleh kerana itu, bukan sahaja kemakmuran yang diharapkan tercapai, malahan kekayaan Melaka turut merosot dan bilangan penduduk juga tidak bertambah. Ekonomi Melaka hanya maju pada masa-masa yang tertentu apabila terdapat perubahan politik di Nusantara ini. Reputasi Melaka masih menarik perhatian tetapi ia tidak semakmur seperti dahulu.
Pada satu masa, masyarakat Belanda di Melaka berjumlah hanya beberapa ratus orang sahaja. Jumlah yang kecil ini tidak dapat membela diri dari musuh yang semakin banyak. Mereka membenarkan pembinaan masjid-masjid, tokong-tokong dan gereja Katolik dan sanggup meluluskan tanah bagi tujuan ini. Tokong Cheng Hoon Teng dibina pada tahun 1782. Gereja St. Peter siap dibina pada tahun 1710. Masjid Kampong Hulu dan Masjid Tengkera yang musnah kemudiannya telah dibina semula pada tahun 1728. Manakala tokong Hindu pula disiapkan pada tahun 1781.
Masjid-masjid, tokong-tokong dan gereja-gereja inilah yang membuatkan rakyat menetap terus di Melaka dan tidak berpindah ke tempat lain kerana ia mewujudkan perasaan berakar-umbi. Perasaan ini membuat mereka enggan berpindah ke Pulau Pinang apabila diarahkan oleh British pada tahun 1805.
During the era of the Sultanate, freedom of worship was an important feature, which promoted harmony among different races. The Portuguese curtailed this freedom and only permitted Catholicism in Melaka. The Dutch were not religious fanatics like the Portuguese. They were more tolerant of other religious beliefs but up till 1695, they started to have less tolerant of Catholicism, because of the religious affiliations in Europe and the antagonism shown by the Portuguese towards the Dutch.
However, as traders, the Dutch with their harsh trade policies were merciless to the other merchants, causing them to go elsewhere to conduct their business. As such, Melaka prosperity and wealth suffered and its population growth became stagnant. Melaka’s economy only grew in spurts when the politics of the region changed. Its reputation still attracted people, but it could not regain its former status.
The Dutch population in Melaka numbered only a few hundred at any one time. This small population was not able to defend itself against the increasing number of enemies. They needed the support of the local people to withstand any attack. At the end of the 17th century, they began to socialize with the descendants of the Portuguese. They allowed the construction of mosques, temples, and Catholic churches, and granted land for these purposes. The Cheng Hoon Teng Temple was built in 1782. An Indian temple was built in 1781.
It was the existence of these mosques, temples and churches that made the people who wanted to stay in Melaka instead of moving elsewhere as they created a sense of belonging. This feeling was so strong that the people refused to move to Penang when ordered to do so by the British in 1805.
PEPERANGAN BELANDA-BUGIS
THE WAR BETWEEN THE DUTCH AND THE BUGINESE IN 1756
Sulawesi yang terletak di timur Pulau Borneo menarik ramai pedagang pada kurun ke-17 kerana peperangan yang tidak berhenti-henti di Selat Melaka di antara Johor, Acheh dan Portugis di Melaka. Kekayaan perdagangannya membolehkan orang-orang Bugis belayar dari Sulawesi dan berkuasa di lain-lain tempat. Pada awal kurun ke-18, mereka telah menjadi satu kuasa yang disegani dan telah menempatkan beberapa Yam Tuan Muda di Kelang, Linggi, dan menerajui Johor serta Riau. Ketika itu, di Kota Melaka pun terdapat ramai orang-orang Bugis.
Pada mulanya, orang-orang Belanda di Batavia dan Melaka berbaik dengan orang-orang Bugis dan Belanda tidak campur tangan dalam kegiatan Bugis apabila mereka mengalahkan Kedah dan Perak. Tidak lama kemudian, pihak Belanda di Melaka merasakan kuasa orang-orang Bugis di Semenanjung kerana mereka bukan sahaja menghadapi persaingan hebat dari pedagang-pedagang Bugis tetapi pengaruh orang-orang Bugis disekeliling Kota Melaka. Orang-orang Melayu juga merasa terancam akibat kegiatan penaklukan orang-orang Bugis di Semenanjung dan Terengganu bangun untuk menghapuskan pengaruh dan jajahan orang-orang Bugis. Pihak Belanda pula menyokong usaha orang-orang Melayu terhadap orang-orang Bugis. Peperangan di antara keturunan Raja Siak telah meletus di antara Belanda dan Bugis menyokong puak-puak yang bertelingkah dan dimenangi oleh pihak yang disokong Belanda pada tahun 1755, ini mengakibatkan permusuhan yang terbuka di antara Belanda dan Bugis.
Pada bulan April 1756,orang-orang Bugis dibawah Yam Tuan Muda Daeng Kemboja sudah pun mewujudkan jajahannya di Linggi, menyerang Melaka dari Utara. Pihak Belanda tidak dapat mengalahkan Bugis tetapi angkatan laut Terengganu pula sampai untuk membantu Belanda dan mengalahkan Linggi, tetapi dalam bulan Ogos 1756, Daeng Kemboja dengan Yam Tuan Muda Kelang dan Rembau menyerang Melaka semula serta berkubu di Klebang. Pihak Belanda dengan beberapa ratus orang askar sahaja cuba mengusir mereka tetapi bukan sahaja askar Belanda tidak dapat mengatasi askar-askar Bugis tetapi tidak dapat bersaing dengan mereka. Askar-askar Belanda yang kurang lengkap terpaksa berundur dan pihak Bugis pula mengejar mereka ke Kota Melaka. Belanda yang berundur dan pihak Bugis yang mengejar berperang secara besar-besaran dari Klebang hingga ke Tengkera dan telah mengakibatkan kehancuran kepada banyak bangunan. Salah satu masjid yang terlibat ialah Masjid Tengkera yang asal dan dikatakan dibina pada tahun 1728. Hanya menara masjid sahaja masih berdiri tegak sebagai bukti peperangan tersebut.
During the 17th century, Sulawesi (Celebes), located to the east of Borneo, attracted merchants mainly because of the continuing war between Johore, Acheh and Portuguese Melaka in the Straits of Melaka. The wealth of its trade allowed the Buginese to venture out and seek power bases outside Sulawesi. The beginning of the 18th century, they became to power to control Johore and Riau. In Melaka itself, there was a large Buginese population. Initially, the Dutch, both in Batavia and in Melaka, were on good terms with the Buginese and did not interfere when they captured Kedah and Perak. However, later the Dutch in Melaka felt the threat of the Buginese in the Peninsula because they not only had to compete with the Buginese traders but also because of the Buginese influence around Melaka. The Malays too felt threatened by the influence of the Buginese and wanted to oust them. The Dutch supported the Malays against the Buginese. War broke out between the descendants of the King of Siak, with the Dutch and the Buginese supporting opposing sides. Finally, those backed by the Dutch won the war in 1755, causing outright warfare between the Dutch and the Buginese.
In April 1756, the Buginese under Yam Tuan Muda Daeng Kemboja who already had a colony in Linggi attacked Melaka from the north. The Dutch could not defeat the Buginese, but a fleet arrived from Terengganu to help them and took Linggi. However, in August that year, Daeng Kemboja, with the help of Yam Tuan Muda Kelang and Rembau, attacked Melaka again and camped in Klebang. About hundreds of Dutch soldiers tried to chase them out, but failed to do so. The ill-equipped Dutch had to retreat, with the Buginese chasing them back to Melaka. A fight broke out in Klebang and Tengkera, causing many buildings damaged. One of these was the Tengkera Mosque, which were built in 1728. At the end, only the minaret remained intact, testimony to the war.
PEPERANGAN BELANDA-BUGIS DI KUALA LINGGI
THE DUTCH-BUGIS WAR AT KUALA LINGGI
Peperangan di antara pihak Belanda dan orang-orang Bugis yang berulang dalam bulan Ogos 1756, mengakibatkan Kota Melaka dikepung pada bulan Oktober 1756. Kepungan dilanjutkan sehingga ke bulan Mei 1957, apabila pihak Belanda di Batavia menghantar satu pasukan askar yang besar ke Melaka untuk mematahkan genggaman Bugis ke atas Kota Melaka. Daeng Kemboja dan dan askar-askarnya berundur ke Linggi untuk merancang tindakan selanjutnya. Kali ini pihak Belanda tidak memberi peluang kepada Daeng Kemboja. Setelah mengumpul semula tentera laut, Belanda melancar serangan terhadap kapal-kapal Bugis yang sedang berlabuh di muara Sungai Linggi. Kapal-kapal Belanda bertolak pada waktu malam dan tiba di Kuala Linggi pada waktu subuh. Belanda mengatur kapal-kapal mereka dalam satu barisan dan selepas mengambil kira tiupan angin dan gelombang ombak, melancarkan pembedilan terhadap kapal-kapal Bugis. Kapal-kapal Bugis yang bersauh di muara Sungai Linggi ini terperangkap dan tidak dapat melepaskan diri dari menjadi sasaran mudah bagi kapal-kapal Belanda yang bergerak pantas dalam satu barisan. Kebanyakan kapal-kapal Bugis tenggelam atau musnah dan orang-orang Bugis terpaksa meminta perdamaian.
Perjanjian perdamaian itu membolehkan Belanda menawan Rembau dan Kelang, termasuk membayar ganti rugi bagi kerosakan yang dialaminya. Sebuah kota telah dibina di kemuncak Bukit Supai sebagai tanda persahabatan mereka yang dinamakan Kota ‘Filipina’ (mengikut nama anak perempuan Gabenor Jeneral Belanda). Perjanjian persahabatan ditandatangani di kota tersebut pada 1 Januari 1758.
The war between the Dutch and the Bugis, which escalated in August 1756, resulted in the siege of the Dutch fort in October that year. The siege of Melaka lasted until May 1757, when the Dutch in Batavia sent a large military force to Melaka and defeated the Bugis there. Daeng Kemboja and his men withdrew to Linggi to plan their next move, however the Dutch gave them no chance to do so.
The Dutch assembled their navy and launched an attack on the Bugis ships anchored off the Linggi River estuary. The Dutch ships left from Melaka during the night and arrived off Kuala Linggi at dawn. They lined their ships in a single file and after calculating in the direction of the wind and the tide, launched their attack on the Bugis ships. The Bugis ships were trapped and could not prevent themselves from being easy targets for the fast sailing Dutch ships in its single line formation. Many Bugis ships were sunk or destroyed and the Bugis were forced to ask for peace.
The peace treaty enabled the Dutch to take Rembau and Kelang, and obtain compensation for their losses. As a sign of friendship, a fort was built on top of Supai Hill, which was called Fort Filipina (after the daughter of the Dutch Governor-General). The treaty was signed at the fort on the 1st January 1758
MINIATUR MONTI ALI MARIA
MONTI ALI MARIA IN MINIATURE
Bukit Melaka (Bukit St. Paul sekarang) dinamakan Monti Ali Maria (bermakna Bukit Ibu Maria, ibu Nabi Isa) pada zaman Portugis mengikut nama gereja yang telah dibina diatas bukit. Miniatur ini menggambarkan persekitaran Monti Ali Maria pada zaman Portugis dalam lingkungan tahun 1620-an. Pihak Portugis telah membina satu tembok kota mengelilingi bukit ini, dan kota ini mempunyai empat pintu masuk. Kota A Famosa menjadi sebahagian dari Kota Portugis itu. Hanya dua pintu sahaja diguna pada satu-satu masa. Gereja Madre de Deusdan dan sekolahnya terletak diatas bukit. Rumah-rumah pegawai diletak di lereng bukit dan perkampungan kaum Portugis ditempatkan di kaki bukit. Rumah-rumahnya dibuat dari batu dan kayu. Sebuah dewan bandaraya, dua buah hospital dan lima buah gereja didirikan di dalam Kota Portugis.
Perperangan diantara Kota Portugis dan Belanda pada tahun 1640-1641 telah banyak memusnahkan kota dan bangunan-bangunan Portugis. Apabila Belanda menawan Melaka, mereka telah memusnahkan kesemua bangunan yang melambangkan pengaruh Portugis. Dengan ini, bangunan jenis Portugis di Melaka telah lenyap, kecuali gereja Madre de Deus.
Melaka Hill (now called St. Paul’s Hill) was named Monti Ali Maria (Mary’s Hill) during the Portuguese era after the church of the same name on the top of the hill. This miniature shows the area around it in the 1620s. The Portuguese had built a fort with four entrances around the hill. The A Famosa was the part of that fortress. Only two entrances were used at any one time. The church (Madre de Deus) and the school were located on the top of the hill. The houses were made of brick and wood. A town hall, two hospitals, and five churches were built within the fortress. The Portuguese descendants lived across the river from the fort.
The war between the Portuguese and the Dutch in 1640-1641 caused extensive damage on the Portuguese fortress and buildings. When the Dutch conquered Melaka, they destroyed all of the buildings, which had Portuguese influence. With that, the Portuguese-type buildings in Melaka disappeared except for the Church Madre de Deus.
MINIATUR BUKIT ST. PAUL
THE BAQUIT ST. PAULO IN MINIATURE
Miniatur ini menggambarkan kedudukan kawasan Bukit St. Paul di zaman Belanda pada tahun 1740. Apabila Belanda menawan Kota Melaka dari tangan Portugis pada tahun 1641, bangunan Gereja Madre Deus yang telah rosak tidak dirobohkan tetapi diguna untuk kegiatan mazhab mereka. Bukit ini dinamakan Bukit St. Paulo, mengikut nama gereja Boquit St. Paulo.
Pada zaman Belanda, persekitaran bukit ini mengalami satu perubahan besar iaitu semua bangunan Portugis yang masih teguh dirobohkan. Satu perancangan bandar ala Belanda telah diwujudkan. Stadthuys menjadi bangunan pertama yang dibina, diikuti dengan beberapa bangunan lain di sekitar Bukit St. Paulo. Buat pertama kalinya, bahagian selatan bukit ini digunakan untuk pembinaan rumah-rumah teres. Kota yang mengelilingi bukit ini diperbesarkan. Kebanyakan bangunan ini masih teguh dan digunakan.
The scenario depicts of the St. Paul’s Hill area during the Dutch era in 1740’s. When the Dutch took over Melaka from the Portuguese in 1641, only the Madre Deus church, which was badly damaged, had not collapsed, but used as their religious place. The hill had been renamed after the church as St. Paul’s Hill. The Baquit St. Paulo church underwent many changes while other buildings erected by the Portuguese were torn down. A new plan of Dutch design was drawn up. The Stadthuys was the first building to be built, followed by others around the St. Paulo Hill. For the first time ever, the southern section of the hill was also used to build houses. The fort around the hill was also extended. Most of these buildings are still standing and are still using until today.
BIODATA DIRI TONY LYE FONG NGE
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF TONY LYE FONG NGE
Encik Tony Eye Fong Nge yang dilahirkan pada tahun 1939 telah mendapat pendidikan awal di sekolah Cina (Sekolah Peralihan Pay Fong) dan kemudiannya melanjutkan pelajaran ke Christian Brother School (Institusi St. Francis) di Melaka. Beliau telah menamatkan pendidikan sekolah menengah pada tahun 1958 dan mula mengajar di sekolah kebangsaan di Umbai Melaka selama setahun.
Pada tahun I960, beliau telah dipilih untuk menjadi Inspektor Koperatif dengan mendapat latihan di Kolej Koperatif di Petaling Jaya selama beberapa bulan sebelum ditukarkan ke Ipoh. Di sana beliau ditugaskan untuk menjaga akaun persatuan koperatif bagi beberapa kawasan baru di Perak. Melalui tugasan ini, beliau telah berpeluang melawati bandar-bandar dan kampung-kampung termasuk Grik, Lenggong, Liman, Kati, Kuala Kangsar, Sitiawan, Taiping, Tapah, Kampar, Batu Gajah, Sungai Siput, Teluk Anson dan Tanjong Malim.
Setelah 3 tahun menjelajah, beliau membuat keputusan untuk meletakkan jawatan dan menyertai jabatan kehakiman di Kuala Lumpur sebagai pelajar jurubahasa. Selepas setahun mendapat latihan dalam tiga dialek bahasa pertuturan Cina di INTAN (Petaling Jaya) beliau telah dipindahkan ke Mahkamah Tingai Kuala Lumpur sebagai Jurubahasa Cina bertauliah. Di sini, beliau bekerja di bawah Encik E.E. Sim (Presiden Mahkamah Sesyen) untuk tempoh 3 tahun sebelum meletakkan jawatan untuk berkhidmat di Syarikat Petroleum British sebagai Kerani Jualan sehingga tahun 1978.
Beliau kemudian menjadi pengumpul/pengedar matawang dan menubuhkan Persatuan Numismatik Malaysia bersama Encik E.E. Sim pada tahun 1968 dan hanya beliau yang masih kekal sebagai Founder Member di dalam persatuan. Beliau merupakan Ahli Seumur Hidup dan Naib Presiden I Persatuan Numismatik Malaysia. Beliau telah memberi bantuan dalam membuat penilaian Katalog Syiling Persatuan I pada 1976 dan telah dianugerahkan sebagai Pakar Numismatik Malaysia pada tahun 1989. Beliau turut memberi sumbangan bakti kepada Katalog Syiling Dunia dengan menilai matawang British, Borneo Utara, Sarawak dan Negeri-Negeri Selat untuk tempoh 6 tahun pada 1980 dan pada tahun yang sama telah dianugerahkan "Man of Achievement” oleh Pusat Antarabangsa Biografi, Cambridge, England. Beliau telah meninggal dunia pada 31 Januari 2013.
He was born in 1939 and educated both in a Chinese school (Pay Fong Middle School) and a Christian Brother School (St. Francis Institution) in Melaka. He finished his secondary schooling in 1958, and taught in a Malay school in Umbai, Melaka for a year.
In I960, He was recruited as a Co-operative Inspector and was trained at the Cooperative College in Petaling Jaya for a few months before being posted to Ipoh. His duty there was to look after the Co-operative Societies' accounts in various new villages in Perak. Through this work he traveled to most of the townships and villages including Grik, Lenggong, Liman Kati, Kuala Kangsar, Sitiawan, Taiping, Tapah, Kampar, Batu Gajah, Sungai Siput, Teluk Anson and Tanjong Malim.
After traveling for 3 years, he decided to call it a day and joined the judicial department in Kuala Lumpur as a student interpreter. After a year training in three Chinese dialects in INTAN (in Petaling Jaya), he was posted to the Court Hill Kuala Lumpur as a qualified Chinese Interpreter. He worked under the late Mr. E.E. Sim (President of the Session Courts) for 3 years before leaving and then left to join the British Petroleum as a Retail Clerk.
He remained there until 1978 when he decided to become a coin dealer. He started the Malaysia Numismatic Society together with Mr. E.E. Sim in 1968 and now he is the only Founder Member left in the Society. At present, he is a Life Member and the 1st Vice President of the Malaysia Numismatic Society. He helped to price the Society's 1st Coin Catalogue in 1976 and was awarded the ‘Malaysia Numismatic Expert’ in 1989. He also contributed his service to the World Coins Catalogues by pricing for them the coins of British North Borneo, Sarawak and the Straits Settlements for a period of 6 years in the 1980 and in the same year was awarded "Man of Achievement" by International Biographical Centre, Cambridge, England. His death was on 31st January 2013.
MATAWANG DI MELAKA
CURRENCY IN MELAKA
Sistem pertukaran barangan turut dikenali dengan nama "Sistem Barter" merupakan amalan terawal dalam sejarah peradaban manusia sebelum matawang diperkenalkan. Kaedah pertukaran sejumlah barangan oleh suatu pihak dengan komoditi tertentu yang dipercayai setara nilainya milik pihak yang lain, turut diamalkan di Melaka. Walaubagaimanapun, sistem ini nyata tidak telus dengan beberapa masalah seperti pertukaran barangan besar yang sukar untuk dibawa dan masalah mencari orang yang mahu membuat pertukaran barangan atau perkhidmatan yang saling memerlukan. Emas, perak dan jongkong timah (kemudiannya menjadi duit syiling) digunakan sebagai nilai unit yang berharga, mudah disimpan dan digunakan serta mudah dibawa dan tahan lama.
Matawang mula diperkenalkan sejak zaman pemerintahan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka. Perkembangan bentuk secara kronologi wang syiling di Melaka melibatkan empat orang Sultan iaitu Sultan Muzaffar Shah (1340-1378), Sultan Mansur Shah (1378-1449), Sultan Ahmad Shah (1510) dan Sultan Mahmud Shah (1481-1511). Sebelum zaman pemerintahan Sultan Muzaffar Shah tiada bentuk matawang diperkenalkan kerana terdapat sumber asing terutamanya daripada China oleh Ma Huan yang pernah mencatat bahawa perdagangan yang dilakukan di Melaka termasuklah menggunakan debu emas, batang perak, bongkah timah dan kulit siput gerus yang diimport dari Kepulauan Maldives atau Borneo. Para pedagang asing juga memperkenalkan matawang seperti duit tembaga China, duit Pasai, emas dinar, duit timah dan duit tempatan.
Matawang syiling Melaka mempunyai bentuk standard iaitu bulat dengan mempunyai tulisan pada bahagian hadapan dan belakangnya menggunakan huruf jawi serta bercampur bahasanya antara Melayu dan Arab. Syiling tersebut tidak mencatatkan sebarang tarikh sebaliknya nama pemerintah dan mempunyai persamaan dengan matawang Kerajaan Samudera Pasai yang menjadi asas pembentukan matawang di Melaka. Dinar emas Pasai terus digunakan hingga tahun 1514.
Semasa era penjajahan, Portugis telah memperkenalkan matawang mereka yang terdiri daripada emas Catholico, perak Malaquese, Bastardos, Saldos dan Dinheiros daripada logam campuran (aloi) timah dan plumbum. Namun tiada bukti jelas penggunaan emas dan perak oleh Portugis. Tetapi matawang ‘Bazaruccos’ digunakan secara meluas dalam pasar tempatan. Matawang perak ‘Tanga’ pula diperkenalkan antara tahun 1629 hingga 1635 iaitu sebelum era Belanda.
Ketika Belanda menjajah Melaka, Gabenor pertama Belanda telah memperkenalkan pula wang syiling Syarikat India Timur Belanda atau V.O.C. termasuk syiling tembaga bernilai ¼ Stiver dan ½ Stiver. Pada tahun 1796 turut dikeluarkan syiling yang dinamakan ‘Bonks’ diperbuat daripada tembaga merah Jepun.
Kemudian pada awal pentadbiran kerajaan Negeri-negeri Selat iaitu Pulau Pinang, Melaka dan Singapura, matawang India (Rupees) dan Pulau Pinang dijadikan sebagai wang piawai di rantau tersebut. Namun begitu para pedagang lebih gemar menggunakan matawang dollar perak Sepanyol dan Mexico. Namun sekitar tahun 1830 masalah kekurangan wang di Singapura begitu ketara sehingga tercetus kekecohan kerana matawang Rupees dianggap sah di Negeri-negeri Selat disebabkan dokumen kerajaan menggunakan matawang tersebut manakala urusan perdagangan menggunakan matawang asing. Penggubalan Akta India No. 18 pada tahun 1835 akhirnya turut memperakui kesemua matawang asing iaitu Sepanyol Mexico, Peru, Bolivia dan Hong Kong sah digunakan. Pada tahun 1874 matawang dollar Amerika dan matawang Yen dari Jepun juga sahlaku di Negeri Selat.
Seterusnya matawang British digunakan pada tahun 1895 dan mulai tahun 1904 Kerajaan Negeri Selat menempa matawang syiling bernilai 5 sen, 10 sen dan 20 sen yang ditera perkataan ‘QUEEN VICTORIA’ manakala muka belakangnya “STRAITS SETTLEMENTS’. Syiling 50 sen diperkenalkan pada tahun 1866. Wang kertas hanya mula dicetak di Negeri-negeri Selat pada 1898. Selepas 31 Ogos 1904 kesemua matawang asing dianggap tidak sah diperlakukan.
Pada 8 Oktober 1938 Ordinan Mata Wang No 23 1938 telah diluluskan untuk menubuhkan Lembaga Suruhanjaya Mata Wang Malaya bagi menguruskan sistem matawang kertas dan syiling di Negeri-negeri Selat dan Tanah Melayu. Wang kertas dan syiling ditempa dengan wajah Monarki British, King George VI. Dari tahun 1952, wang kertas dan syiling ditempa dengan wajah seorang lagi Monarki British iaitu Queen Elizabeth II. Apabila Tanah Melayu mencapai kemerdekaan pada tahun 1957, terdapat pertukaran dalam reka bentuk matawang. Antaranya pada tahun 1959 dan 1961 wang kertas dikeluarkan dengan gambar "bot memancing pada gambar $1" dan "seorang petani dengan kerbau sedang membajak sawah pada $10".
Semasa era pentadbiran Jepun (1941-1945) telah memperkenalkan mata wang sendiri bagi urusan jual beli di wilayah jajahan mereka dan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan mata wang Negeri-negeri Selat. Wang kertas yang dikeluarkan di kawasan penjajahan Jepun dibezakan dengan abjad pertama huruf bloknya iaitu di Tanah Melayu (atau Ma-rai-ee) huruf M. Duit Jepun lebih sinonim dengan nama "duit pokok pisang” telah menyebabkan kadar inflasi yang tinggi apabila pihak pentadbiran tentera Jepun dengan sewenang-wenangnya mengeluarkan wang kertas tersebut tanpa had. Ketiadaan nombor siri serta pemalsuan note dolar ini menambahkan lagi kemerosotan ekonomi di Tanah Melayu.
Sebaik sahaja Jepun menyerah kalah pada tahun 1945, pihak British telah menggunakan wang kertas 5,10,100 dan 1000 dolar tentera Jepun yang dicetak dengan tulisan MALAYAN berwarna merah pada bahagian atas, WAR SOURVENIR di bahagian bawah,bersama-sama VJ dan Grim Memories of 1941-1945 di tengah-tengah dengan dakwat hitam. Pada 20 Ogos 1945 wang kertas ini digugurkan dari udara untuk menyebarkan berita kemenangan terhadap Jepun serta menghapuskan mata wang penjajahan Jepun.
Bank Negara Malaysia mula mengeluarkan wang kertas ringgit Malaysia pada Jun 1967 menggantikan dollar Malaya dan British Borneo dengan peringkat-peringkat nilai $1, $5, $10, $50 dan $100, diikuti dengan $1000 pada 2 September 1968. Wang kertas Malaysia sejak dahulu sentiasa mengandungi wajah Tuanku Abdul Rahman, iaitu Yang di-Pertuan Agong pertama Malaysia, serta tandatangan Tun Ismail bin Mohamed Ali, Gabenor pertama Bank Negara Malaysia.
Pada 16 Ogos 1972, Bank Negara Malaysia menerima ejaan baru Bahasa Malaysia dalam pencetakan wang kertas sementara reka bentuknya kekal. Perkataan ringgit dan sen diterima guna sebagai nama rasmi pada Ogos 1975. Perkataan ringgit bermaksud "bergerigi" asalnya memaksudkan sisi bergerigi yang terdapat pada wang perak dolar Sepanyol yang digunakan secara meluas pada zaman penjajahan Portugis. Lambang "$" (atau "M$") diganti dengan "RM" sekitar tahun 1993, namun di peringkat antarabangsa, "MYR" (MY sebagai kod negara Malaysia) lebih diterima umum.
The system of exchange of goods also known as the “Barter System” was the earliest practice in the history of human cultural practice before currency was introduced. The system of exchanging an amount of goods by one person with certain goods believed to have the same value as the goods of the other person was also practiced in Melaka. However, this system lacked transparency as there were several problems, huge goods were difficult to be carried around and there was the problem of finding people who wanted to exchange those exact goods or services. Gold , silver and tin ore (which later became coin currency) were used as units of value which were easy to store and use and easy to carry around and lasted long.
Currency was first introduced during the reign of the Melaka Malay Sultanate. The growth by the chronology involved four sultans, that is Sultan Muzaffar Shah (1340-1378), Sultan Mansur Shah (1378-1449) , Sultan Ahmad Shah (1510) and Sultan Mahmud Shah (1481-1511). Before the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah, there was no currency introduced because there was a resource from China, by Ma Huan, which stated that trading in Melaka included the use of gold dust, sticks of silver, tin ore and Cowdry shells which were imported from the Maldives or Borneo. Foreign traders also introduced currency such as copper coins of China, Pasai coins, gold dinar, tin coins and local coins.
Melaka coin currency is round with writing in Jawi in the front and back with some mixed language of Malay and Arab. These coins do not have any date attached to the name of the ruler and has similarities with the currency of Sultanate of Sumatera Pasai. This has become the basic currency in Melaka. Old Dinar was used until 1514.
During the conquest of the Portuguese, they introduced their currency that is comprised gold from Portugal, silver from Malaquese, , ‘Saldor’ and ‘Dinneiros’, and metal of alloy, tin and lead.However, there is no clear evidence of the use of gold and silver by the Portuguese. The ‘Bazaruccos’ currency however was used widely in the local market. The silver ‘Tanga’ currency was introduced between 1629 and 1635 that is before the Dutch Era.
When the Dutch conquered Melaka, the first Dutch Governor introduced coins of the Dutch East India Company or VOC. This included copper valued at ¼ and ½ Stivers. In 1776, coins were also issued and named ‘Monks’, these were made of red copper of Japan.
Then at the beginning of the government of the Straits Settlements, that is Penang, Melaka and Singapore, Indian Rupees and Penang coins became official currency of the region. However, traders preferred to use the silver dollar of Spain and Mexico. Then in 1830, when there was a major problem of lack of currency in Singapore and there was a conflict became trading used foreign currency and the Rupees. The Rupees was recognized as the official usable currency in the Straits Settlements as in documents the government was using this currency,whereas for trading matters it was using foreign currency. The Indian Act No.18 in 1835 stated that all foreign currency that is Spanish, Mexican, Peruvian, Bolivian and of Hong Kong were official to use. In 1874, the American were also well used in the Straits Settlements.
Following this, the British currency was used in 1895 and starting from 1904 the Straits Settlements Government ordered coins valued at 5 cents, 10 cents and 20 cents which had the words “Queen Victoria” on them. The lack of coin had the words “Starits Settlements”. 50 cents coins were introduced in 1866. Banknotes was only first printed in the Straits Settlements in 1898, After 31st August 1904, all foreign currencies was considered not official.
On 8 October 1938, the Currency Ordinance No.23, 1938 was passed to establish the “Board of Commissioners of Malaya Currency” for managing the currency notes and coins in the Straits Settlements in Malaya. Banknotes and coins were stamped with the face of the British Royal Monarchy, King George III from 1952, banknotes and coins were stamped with another British Monarchy ‘s face that is Queen Elizabeth II. When Peninsular of Malaya achieved independence in 1957, there was a change in the currency. Before 1959 and 1961, banknotes was used with the picture of fishing boat for $ 1, a farmer with a water buffalo ploughing a paddy field for $10.
During the Japanese era of administration (1941-1945), the currency of their own was introduced for trading purposes in all areas of their conquests. This currency had the same value as the currency of the Straits Settlements. The bank notes that was produced in areas of Japanese conquest, was different and differentiated by the first letter being the capital (Tanah Melayu) (or Ma-rai-ee) letter M. Japanese currency was synonymous as “ Banana Leaf Money” which caused high inflation when the Japanese army administration officers simply issued unlimited currency. The lack of series numbers and fake notes further increased the deterioration of the economy in Malay Peninsula.
When Japan was defeated in 1945, the British used the currency notes of 5,10,100 and 1000 dollars of the Japanese army which was printed using the word MALAYAN. These were coloured red on top and the words “ War Souvenir” were written below, together with VJ and Grim Memories of 1941-1945 written in the middle in black ink. On 20 August 1945, this currency was let go from the air to spread the news of victory over Japan and to end the use of the currency of Japan.
Bank Negara Malaysia (Central Bank of Malaysia) , first Produced bank notes (Ringgit) on June 1967 to replace the Malayan and British Borneo dollar with currency valued at $ 1, $ 5, $ 10, $ 50 and $ 100 followed by $1000 on 2 September 1968. Malaysia bank notes from earliest years, always held the face of Tunku Abdul Rahman, that is the first Prime Minister of Malaysia, together with the signature of Tun Ismail bin Mohamed Ali, the first Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia.
On August 1972, Bank Negara Malaysia received new Bahasa Malaysia’s spelling for printing bank notes while the design remain timeless. The word “Ringgit” and “Sen” were used as official words on August 1975. The word “Ringgit” means jagged” and originally meant jagged edges of the silver dollars of Spain which was widely used in Portuguese era.
The "$" symbol (or "M $") was replaced with “RM” around 1993, but at the international level MYR (MY as the Malaysian Code) was widely accepted by the public.
ERA BELANDA
DUTCH ERA
Pelan Bandar Melaka pada zaman Belanda yang disiapkan pada tahun 1750.
Pelan Bandar Melaka yang disiapkan pada 1744 ini menunjukkan perancangan Bandar Melaka pada masa itu.
Replika kincir angin Belanda. Dibina sebagai tanda pembaharuan persahabatan antara rakyat Melaka dan kerajan Belanda.
Runtuhan Gereja St Paul yang tidak berbumbung yang kini menempatkan bekas kubur St Francis Xavier dan batu nisan rakyat Belanda
Runtuhan Gereja St Paul yang tidak berbumbung.
Plak yang membuktikan penjajahan Belanda terhadap Melaka
Ini ialah potret Laksamana Pieter Willemz Verhoeff yang menyerang kota Portugis di Melaka pada tahun 1608 dengan pertolongan orang-orang Johor. Johor terpaksa berundur meninggalkan Verhoeff untuk menawan Melaka tanpa sokongan. Walaupn Laksamana Portugis dan beberapa askar Portugis mati di medan perang, Verhoeff tidak juga dapat menawan Melaka
Ini ialah potret Cornelis Matelieff, Panglima Perang Kompeni Belanda Timur India yang mengatur serangan pertama Belanda ke atas Portugis pada tahun 1606. Kepungan Kota Melaka oleh Matelieff tidak berjaya.
Kawasan Perkuburan Orang Belanda
Lukisan Eridia yang menunjukkan kedudukan Kota Melaka pada tahun 1613. Sila perhatikan Sungai Leleh yang, ketika itu masih mengalir di selatan Bukit St Paul.
Pelbagai nilai wang syiling yang digunakan sepanjang empayar Belanda dalam abad ke-18.
Serangan Belanda yang diketuai oleh Matelieff ke atas kota Portugis di Melaka pada tahun 1608.
Pihak Belanda menggunakan taktik baru untuk menyerang Portugis pada tahun 1606. Mereka tidak lagi mengikut taktik biasa iaitu dari selatan atau utara. Merela memusnahkan kapal-kapal Portugis di pelabuhan dan mendarat di kawasan padang Bandar Hilir tetapi serangan tersebut juga tidak berjaya.
Lukisan seorang berbangsa Perancis pada tahun 1837 yang menunjukkan keadaan kawasan bangunan Stadthuys. Perhatikan keadaan asal bangunan itu dan fesyen pakaian masyarakat ketika itu.
The plan of the town of Dutch Melaka that was drawn up in 1750.
A plan of the town of Melaka is drawn up in 1744, shows the town planning system of that time.
Replica of a Dutch Windmill. Built only recently to mark the renewed relationship between the people of Melaka and the Netherlands.
The roofless ruin of St Paul’s Church now houses the empty grave of St Francis Xavier and the tombstones of the Dutchmen.
The roofless ruin of St Paul’s Church.
A Plaque that bears testimony of the Dutch occupation of Melaka.
This is a portrait of Admiral Pieter Willemz Verhoeff who attacked the Portuguese fortress in Melaka in 1608 with the assistance of Johor. However, Johor was forced to withdraw, leaving Verhoeff to take Melaka without support. Despite killing the Portuguese admiral and a number of his men in the battlefield, Verhoeff failed to capture Melaka.
launched the first Dutch attack against the Portuguese in 1606. His siege on the fortress of Melaka was unsuccessful.
Dutch Graveyard
Eridia’s plan of the Melaka Town in 1613. Note the Air Leleh River located south of St Paul’s Church was still flowing then.
Coins of various denominations used throughout the Dutch empire during the 18th Century.
The Dutch attack led by Matelieff on the Portuguese fortress in Melaka in 1608.
The Dutch used a new tactic to attack the Portuguese in 1606. They did not use the old tactic of attacking from either the north or the south. They destroyed the Portuguese ships in harbour and landed at the Bandar Hilir field, but this attack was unsuccessful.
A view of the Stadthuys as depicted by a French artist. Note the original design of the building and the fashion of the people at that time.
BANGUNAN STADTHUYS (MUZIUM SEJARAH DAN ETHNOGRAFI)
THE STADTHUYS
Bangunan Stadthuys yang bermaksud Dewan Bandaran dibina oleh pemerintah Belanda pada tahun 1650an setelah mengambil alih Melaka daripada Portugis pada tahun 1641. Bangunan setinggi empat tingkat mengikut teres Bukit St. Paul seluas 49,200 kaki persegi, menjadi kediaman Gabenor Belanda sehingga awal kurun ke 18 di samping menjadi pusat pentadbiran Belanda sehingga 1824. Pemerintah Inggeris menjadikan bangunan ini sebagai pusat pentadbirannya. Bangunan Stadthuys terus menjadi pusat pentadbiran negeri Melaka hingga akhir tahun 1979. Warna asal bangunan ini adalah putih. Ianya ditukar kepada warna merah pada tahun 1820an dan kekal sebagai Bangunan Merah.
Bangunan Stadthuys telah mengalami banyak perubahan sejak awal Zaman British. Walau bagaimanapun ia masih mengekalkan seni bina Belanda dengan ciri-ciri seperti dinding batu yang tebal beserta tingkap-tingkap dan pintu-pintu yang besar. Di bawah lantai bangunan ini disediakan sistem perparitan yang dialirkan ke Sungai Melaka. Di ruang pejabat Gabenor terdapat hiasan ukiran kayu keras berbentuk bunga. Dapur tempat membakar roti yang besar terletak di belakang menunjukkan ramai orang yang berkunjung. Ruang bilik tidur Gabenor yang terletak pada bahagian paling tinggi dihias dengan lukisan mitologi Cina. Di bahagian bawah hadapan terdapat ruang penjara.
Konservasi bangunan Stadthuys telah dilaksanakan pada tahun 1985 oleh Jabatan Kerja Raya Melaka, mengambil masa selama 4 tahun. Semasa kerja-kerja tersebut dijalankan telah terjumpa beberapa komponen yang tidak diduga. Antaranya ditemui perigi yang disusun dengan batu karang di kawasan halaman bahagian dalam dan sebuah lagi di bawah tembok bangunan yang telah dikambus semasa bangunan tersebut dibina. Kedua-dua perigi ini dipercayai digali pada zaman Portugis. Selain itu, sebuah perigi Belanda beserta tapak bangunan yang dibina seiring dengan bangunan Stadthuys telah ditemui, di bahagian belakang, sebuah kolah dan laluan dari dalam bangunan telah ditemui semasa kerja-kerja memusnahkan ruang tambahan baru. Kesemua penemuan ini diwujudkan semula untuk tatapan orang ramai.
The Stadthuys which means the municipal town hall was built by the Dutch during the 1960’s after having taken over from the Portuguese in 1641.
It was built in 4 stories on a terrace of St. Paul’s hill covering 49,200 sq. feet in area. It had been the Governor’s residence until as early as the 18th century. It was also the Dutch Administrative Centre until 1824. Why, even the British made this building for their administrative centre too. The Stadthuys continued to be the State Governing Centre until the end of 1979. The original colour of this building was white. It was changed to red during the 1820’s and then came to be known as ‘The Red Building’ to date.
Although it had been renovated many times during the regime of British, the artistic design of the Dutch of the thick brick walls and big windows and doors has been maintained. Just beneath the floors a superb drainage system that flows back into the Melaka’s river had been constructed. In the Governor’s office, there is a hand carved flowerpot made from real hardwood. A huge bread toaster is situated at the back of the building proved that many visitors who flocked there. The Governor’s bedroom found on the top most floors is very spacious and decorated with Chinese Mythology arts. There is also a prison further down the vicinity.
Conservation works of the Stadthuys were made in 1985 by the Public Works Department and took almost 4 years to complete. Strange components and antiques were found during this period of renovation including wells built of sea stones. On the exterior another well was also discovered beneath the building. It is believed that both these wells were dug for use during the Portuguese occupation. Another well built by the Dutch and also building site adjacent to the Stadthuys was also found behind the building. A pool and a pathway were found when demolition works were undertaken against new extension to the building. Whatever was unearthed during this renovation period has been displayed in the State Museum for the public.
Sejarah "The Stadthuys "
The History of "The Stadthuys"
Selepas pengepungan, Belanda mula membaiki dinding rosak dan kubu pertahanan. Mereka membina separuh lagi kubu di sebelah laut bersebelahan dengan sungai, yang mereka panggil sebagai" Middleburgh". Semua gereja-gereja Portugis yang rosak telah dirobohkan, kecuali gereja St. Paul yang berada di atas bukit. Ianya telah dibaiki dan digunakan oleh Belanda untuk kegunaan mereka sendiri. Rumah gabenor Portugis juga rosak teruk. Ianya terletak di lereng bukit di sebelah kubu lama "A Famosa ". Dipercayai bahawa Belanda menggunakan tempat yang sama untuk membina rumah Gabenor baru yang dikenali sebagai Stadthuys .
"Stadthuys" juga dikenali sebagai "Rumah Gabenor", dan di sebelah kiri adalah rumah Timbalan Gabenor. Ketika itu bangunan-bangunan penyimpanan hanya mempunyai satu tingkat. Di sebelah kanan adalah "Misericordia" atau rumah hamba yang terdapat beberapa gudang dan menara. Terdapat beberapa perincian yang dapat dilihat di bahagian hadapan bangunan Stadthuys walaupun ia jelas menunjukkan kawasannya yang agak kecil dan ianya terletak di sepanjang bahagian hadapan. Terdapat dua bangunan segi empat tepat yang melambangkan sayap pertempuran. Di mahkamah pula terdapat sebuah menara kecil yang mempunyai perigi tertutup.
After the siege the Dutch started to repair the damaged walls and bastions. They built another half bastion beside the sea next to the rive, which they called "Middleburgh". All the damaged Portuguese churches were demolished, except St. Paul's church on top of the hill. This was repaired and used by the Dutch for their own services. The house of the Portuguese governor was also badly damaged. This was situated on the slope of the hill next to the old fortress "A Famosa". It is almost certain that the Dutch used the same spot to build a new governor's house which is know as the Stadthuys.
The "Stadthuys" is called "The Governor's House", and on its left-hand side is the house of the deputy, who is called the "second". The storage buildings had only one floor at that time. On the righthand side is the "Misericordia" or slave-house with some warehouses and the tower. There are few details shown of the front of the Stadthuys although it clearly shows the steps to be rather small and situated along the front. Neither is the rear or the building very clear, but one van recognise two rectangular buildings. These probably represent the current wings. In the court there is a small tower, which may have been a covered well.
