MUZIUM ISTANA KESULTANAN MELAKA / MELAKA SULTANATE PALACE MUSEUM
PARAMESWARA / ISKANDAR SYAH (T.M 1403-1424)
PARAMESWARA / ISKANDAR SYAH (1403-1424 A.D)
Parameswara adalah seorang anak raja dari Palembang iaitu jajahan takluk Majapahit yang telah terlibat dalam peperangan merebur takhta kerajaan pada akhir abad ke-14. beliau telah berundur mencari perlindungan ke temasik yang pada masa itu di bawah kuasa Siam. Parameswara telah mebunuh Temagi, wakil Siam di Temasik dan akibatnya beliau telah dipaksa keluar dari Temasik. Parameswara telah berundur ke Muar dan kemudiannya membuka Melaka yang pada masa itu merupakan sebuah penempatan kecil. Sejarah melayu ada menyatakan bahawa Parameswara telah memeluk Islam melalui seorang ulama dari Jeddah pada tahun 1414 dan nama baginda telah ditukar kepada Megat Iskandar Syah. Peristiwa ini bermula pada satu malam apabila baginda telah diajar mengucap kalimah Syahadah. Pada keesokan harinya serombongan pedagang dari Jeddah singgah di Melaka dan mereka iniah yang telah mengislamkan para pembesar Melaka. Semasa pemerintahannya, baginda telah berjaya meletakkan asas kemajuan negara Melaka sebagai pusat perdagangan dan pengembangan agama islam di rantau ini.
Parameswara was the son of a king from Palembang, but ruled in Temasik (now Singapore) . after the death of his father, Parameswara became the next king. His reign in Temasik, however, was cut short by the Siamese, who attacked and drove him out of Temasik. Parameswara fled northward to Muar, and after that to Malacca, where he founded that to Malacca, where he founded the Malacca sultanate. During his reign in Temasik, he was said to be an ignorant ruler who spent his day enjoying, without bothering about the peace and order of his Kingdom. He was easily influenced by news brought by the palace officials and did not investigate any allegations. It was said that he instructed the son of Sang Rajuna tapa to be impaled only through allegations which was not really proven. However when he ruled Malacca, embraced Islam and changed his name to Iskandar Syah, he fared for better. He ruled temasik for 32 years compared to only 11 in Malacca, but much more done during the shorter period in Malacca. After his death, he was succeeded by his son, Muhammad Syah, who was the Raja Muda besar.
SULTAN MUHAMMAD SYAH / SERI MAHARAJA (T.M 1424-1444)
SULTAN MUHAMMAD SYAH / SERI MAHARAJA (1424-1444 A.D)
Nama Sultan Muhammad Syah sebelum memeluk agama Islam ialah Raja Kecil Besar. Metos pengislaman Sultan Muhammad Syah menggambarkan bagaimana baginda telah diajar mengucap dua kalimah syahadah dan baginda dikhatankan dalam mimpinya. Baginda merupakan seorang yang alim serta amat patuh kepada ajaran Islam. Selain itu, baginda juga adalah seorang yang beretika dan berdisiplin tinggi. Ini dapat dilihat daripada pembaharuan adat istiadat yang telah diperkenalkan dan cara baginda memuliakan para tetamunya yang datang dengan penuh adat istiadat kebesaran diraja. Disebabkan sikapnya, baginda telah dapat membentuk hubungan diplomasi dengan beberapa buah kerajaan di Nusantara. Walau bagaimanapun, Sultan Muhammad Syah juga mempunyai beberapa sifat negatif seperti bersikap pilih kasih terhadap kedua anaknya, iaitu Raja Kasim dan Raja Ibrahim. Baginda lebih menyayangi Raja Ibrahim kerana berasal dari keturunan puteri raja. Manakala Raja Kasim hanya dari keturunan bangsawan.
Also known as Seri Maharaja, sultan Muhammad Syah changed his name when he embraced Islam. He was a pious ruler and adhered closely to the rules of Islam. This reverence made him a highly ethical and disciplined ruler. Sultan Muhammad Syah introduced new customs, changed some old customs and always treated his guests with honour, a sign of the disciplinarian that he was. Due to his credibility, Malacca managed to form diplomatic ties other Sultanate and government in the Nusantara. However, being human, Sultan Muhammad also had his weakness. One of them was his favor feelings towards one of his sons. He had two sons, Raja Ibrahim dan Raja Kasim. Although both were his own, he always favored Raja Ibrahim whose mother was a princess from Rokan, which means that Raja Ibrahim was a true Royal Prince (anak Gahara) where Raja Kasim whose mother was only a nobleman’s daughter, was not given the same favor.
SRI PARAMESWARA DEWA SYAH (T.M 1444-1446)
SRI PARAMESWARA DEWA SYAH (1444-1446 A.D)
Baginda merupakan anak kepada Sultan Muhammad Syah hasil perkahwinannya dengan Puteri Raja Rokan. Nama sebenarnya ialah Raja Ibrahim dan merupakan adik kepada Raja Kasim. Tidak banyak yang diperkatakan tentang diri dan perwatakan baginda. Ini kerana usia kerajaannya terlalu singkat iaitu hanya selama 1 tahun 5 bulan. Baginda menaiki takhta dalam usia yang muda selepas kematian ayahandanya. Berdasarkan fakta di dalam Sejarah Melayu, usia baginda dianggarkan dalam lingkungan bawah 20 tahun. Disebabkan usia yang terlalu muda, baginda tidak dapat menguruskan takhta kerajaan Melaka dengan sebaiknya. Oleh itu, kedudukannya sebagai sultan hanyalah sebagai boneka sahaja. Kesultanan Melaka sebenarnya dikuasai oleh bapa saudaranya dimanjakan oleh ibunya. Pemerintahan baginda tidak lama kerana telah dibunuh oleh Raja Rokan dalam peristiwa perebutan takhta dengan Raja Kasim.
Sri Parameswara dewa Syah, whose real name was Raja Ibrahim was the youngest son of Sultan Muhammad Syah. His mother was a princess from Rokan. He came to throne when his father died and that happened when he was only a teenager. Due to his young age, he was not really capable to rule an empire. His role was reduced to being a puppet of his uncle, Raja Rokan, who was ambitious and greedy for power. His reign, however, came to an abrupt halt when he was killed by his uncle, Raja Rokan after ruling for less than two years. Sri Parameswara Dewa Syah was killed during an uprise by Raja Kasim to claim the throne.
SULTAN MUZAFFAR SYAH (T.M 1446-1456)
SULTAN MUZAFFAR SYAH / RAJA KASIM (1446-1456 A.D)
Baginda merupakan anak kepada sultan Muhammad Syah dengan isterinya,Tun Wati. Nama sebenarnya ialah Raja Kassim dan abang kepada Sri parameswara Dewa Syah. Sewajarnya Bagindalah selaku yang sulong yang menaiki takhta kerajaan melaka selepas kemangkatan ayahandanya. Namun disebabkan sikap pilih kasih ayahandanya, baginda telah disisihkan daripada istana. Semasa dalam buangan, baginda telah menjadi nelayan sehingga berjaya merampas takhta daripada Raja Ibrahim. Sultan Muzaffar Syah digambarkan sebagai seorang yang berjiwa rakyat sehinggakan mereka amat mengasihinya. Selain itu, sejarah melayu juga menerangkan tentang sifat Sultan Muzaffar Syah yang amat baik perangainya, adil, pemurah dan saksama. Pada zaman pemerintahannya juga, kekuasaan politik Melaka mula berkembang. Empayar Melaka tersebar sehingga ke Dinding, Selangor,Muar, Singapura,bertam dan Pahang. Baginda adalah pemerintah melaka yang pertama menguasai kedua-dua Pantai Selat Melaka apabila berjaya menawan Inderagiri, kampar (di Sumatera) yang mengawal pengeluaran lada hitam dan emas dari pendalaman Minangkabau. Di zaman pemerintahan Sultan Muzaffar Syah selama 10 tahun dapat dilihat keunggulan Melaka sebagai pusat perkembangan agama Islam. Agama Islam telah disebarkan ke negeri jajahan takluk Melaka. Baginda juga menggalakkan mubaligh-mubaligh dari Melaka berhijrah ke negeri-negeri jaajhan Melaka untuk menyebarkan agama Islam.
Sultan Muzaffar Syah was the eldest son of Sultan Muhammad Syah. His mother was Tun Wati, the daughter of nobleman. However, because his father favor of his younger brother, Muzaffar Syah was denied his right to the throne, and his younger brother became the Sultan upon the death of his father. Muzaffar syah was forced to live in exile. During his stint in exile, muzaffar syah lived as a fisherman, and there he learned a lot about the life of an ordinary citizen. Thus, when he finally managed to claim the throne, he became a very successful Sultan. He was close to his people and understood them well. Historical documents wrote that he was a just and benevolent Sultan. During his reign, Malacca expanded its influence to Dinding, Selangor, Muar, Singapore, Bertam and pahang. He was the first ruler who both Malacca straits when he conquered Inderagiri, Kampar (in Sumatera) which produced black pepper and gold from the remote Minangkabau. He also encouraged missionaries to spread Islam to other Malacca colonies. Throughout his reign, he raised Malacca to a new platform and it marked the beginning of the golden era of Malacca Sultanate.
SULTAN MANSUR SYAH / RAJA ABDULLAH (T.M 1456-1477)
SULTAN MANSUR SYAH/ RAJA ABDULLAH (1456-1477 A.D)
Sultan Mansur Syah atau nama sebenarnya, Raja Abdullah merupakan putera tunggal Sultan Muzaffar Syah . Baginda menaiki takhta selepas kemangkatan ayahandanya pada usia 27 tahun. Sifat fizikalnya digambarkan sebagai seorang yang kacak sehingga tidak ada tolok bandingnya, gagah perkasa dan mempunyai susuk badan yang menarik. Baginda amat mengambil berat dalam soal keagamaan dan merupakan seorang yang amat berhati-hati dalam membuat membuat sebarang keputusan. Baginda juga amat menghormati sesiapa sahaja dan dibuktikan melalui layanannya yang baik terhadap Dewa Sura yang yang menjadi tawanannya. Dalam teks Sejarah Melayu, digambarkan bahawa baginda mempunyai darjat kebesaran yang amat tinggi . ini terbukti melalui peristiwa Raja China yang terkena penyakit kedal akibat menerima sembah dan salam baginda. Untuk mengubati penyakit itu Raja China terpaksa meminum air basuh kaki Sultan Mansur Syah. Sultan Mansur Syah amat mementingkan ajaran Islam hinggakan sebelum mangkat baginda telah menasihati puteranya supaya beriman, mempunyai pekerti yang baik dan mentadbir negeri dengan adil dan saksama.
Sultan Mansur Syah whose real name war Raja Abdullah was the only son Of Sultan Muzaffar Syah. He came to the throne at the death of his father. According to “Sejarah Melayu”, he become the Sultan at the age of 27. He was described as physically handsome and strong. Sultan Mansur Syah was very particular when dealing with religious issues. He was also known to be very cautious when making important decisions. He was to respect everybody including his prisoners. In the “Sejarah Melayu”, there was a caption which reflects the majestic degree of Sultan Mansur Syah. It was stated that the emperor of China caught a strange illness after Sultan Mansur Syah presented himself in front of the Emperor. In order to recover, the Emperor had to drink water which was used to wash Sultan’s feet. However, Sultan Mansur Syah had his weaknesses as well. Among his gravest mistake was when he instructed Hang Tuah to be executed without investigating allegation against the warrior. In summary, Malacca reached the peak of its glory during his reign. He was the Sultan of Malacca for 21 years. Sultan Mansur Syah look high upon Islamic principle where before his death, he advised his son to be loyal to god and before well. He also advised his son to rule his empire with justice.
SULTAN ALAUDIN RIAYAT SYAH / RAJA HUSIN (T.M 1477-1488)
SULTAN ALAUDDIN RIAYAT SYAH/ RAJA HUSIN (1457-1477 A.D)
Baginda adalah putera kepada Sultan Mansur Syah. Sejarah melayu mencatatkan bahawa Sultan Alaudin masih muda belia sewaktu memerintah Melaka. Menurut Prof. Dr. Mohd. Yusoff Hashim, menerusi bukunya ” kesultanan Melayu Melaka” Sultan Alaudin merupakan seorang Raja yang gagah perkasa dan bijaksana. Di awal pemerintahannya, baginda memberi perhatian terhadap kemakmuran dalam negeri. Baginda seorang yang amat tegas dan berani. Keberaniannya terbukti apabila pada suatu malam baginda sendiri bersama dua orang pengiring. Hang Isap dan Hang Siak telah keluar untuk menangkap pencuri. Dua dari tiga pencuri tersebut berjaya dibunuh. Tindakannya itu mempunyai persamaan dengan cara pemerintahan yang dilakukan oleh Saidina Umar al-khatab, khalifah Islam yang kedua selepas Rasulullah wafat. Di bawah pemerintahan baginda, empayar Melaka menjadi makmur. Undang-undang Islam diamalkan di mana sehingga baginda mengeluarkan perintah barangsiapa yang didapati mencuri, tangannya akan dipotong. Dengan pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam ini, Melaka telah menjadi aman dan makmur.
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah was the son of Sultan Mansur Syah. He came to throne when his father death and he was a very young man at the time. According to Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mohd Yusoff Hashim in his book “Malacca Malay Sultanate” quoted an incident during his reign when thieves almost went out of control in Malacca. Sultan Alauddin, dressed as an ordinary citizen made nocturnal rounds to hunt them down. When he finally met them, a fight followed Sultan Alauddin’s greatness was reflected in the caption describing the killing of one of the thieves which read “…….And Sultan Alauddin yelled and swung his parang at one of the thieves, and managed to catch the thief’s waist, which was cut into two like a cucumber….”. Sultan Alauddin gave strong emphasis on the Islamic regulation in his administration style. He was also a very cautious ruler and did not give judgement in a rush. He always seeks advice of his nobleman and listens attentively to their opinion. He was also remembered as a sultan who was always dependable and reliable and did not act unwisely. Malacca reached the peak of its glory and harmony during his reign.
SULTAN MAHMUD SYAH (T.M 1488-1511)
SULTAN MAHMUD SYAH (1488-1511 A.D)
SULTAN MAHMUD SYAH (T.M 1488-1511)
Baginda adalah putera kepada Sultan Alaudin Riayat Syah dengan Tun Senaja dan menaiki takhta ketika usianya masih muda lagi. Baginda adalah Sultan yang terakhir memerintah Melaka sebelum jatuh ke tangan Portugis pada T.M 1511. Semasa pemerintahan baginda, Melaka berada di dalam keadaan yang tidak stabil. Pembesar-pembesar negeri bertelagah antara satu sama lain, kegiatan rasuah dan penyelewengan berleluasa. Walaupun demikian, sebagaimana pemerintahan terdahulu, Sultan Mahmud juga berjaya meluaskan kekuasaan Melaka ke beberapa daerah. Umpamanya baginda telah mengerahkan Paduka Tuan menyerang dan menakluki Manjong, kelantan dan mempertahankan Pahang daripada serangan Raja Legor. Baginda juga telah menobatkan raja negeri asing seperti Raja Abdul Jamil dari Pahang, Raja Abdullah dari Kampar dan seorang raja dari kedah. Walaupun Sultan mahmud sering digambarkan mempunyai sifat-sifat yang negatif, baginda tetap mengambil berat tentang hal ehwal agama. Baginda sanggup berjalan kaki untuk mempelajari agama dengan maulana Sadar Johar di samping menitik beratkan ajaran Islam kepada kaum kerabatnya.
Sultan Mahmud Syah was the son of Sultan Alauddin Syah and Tun Senaja. He came to throne at a very young age, upon the death of his father and was the last sultan to rule Malacca before the occupation. Malacca was unstable during his reign. There were always disagreement between the state officials, and corruption was beyond control. However, like other Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Syah managed to expand Malacca’s colony to a number of districts. He also conscripted Paduka Tuan to attact and conquer Manjong, Kelantan and defend Pahang from the attack of Raja Legor. He also appointed several other kings such as**** Jamil from Pahang, Raja Abdullah from Kampar and another king from Kedah. Eventhough Sultan Mahmud was potrayed as a Sultan**** characteristics he was a very particular when dealing with religious issues. He even willing to travel on foot to see Maulana Sadar Jahan religious knowledge and he was also very particular that his sons received proper religious knowledge.
